Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles that can nucleate ice are referred to as ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Recent studies have confirmed that aerosol particles emitted by the oceans can act as INPs. This very relevant information can be included in climate and weather models to predict the formation of ice in clouds, given that most of them do not consider oceans as a source of INPs. Very few studies that sample INPs have been carried out in tropical latitudes, and there is a need to evaluate their availability to understand the potential role that marine aerosol may play in the hydrological cycle of tropical regions. This study presents results from the first measurements obtained during a field campaign conducted in the tropical village of Sisal, located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico in January–February 2017, and one of the few data sets currently available at such latitudes (i.e., 21∘ N). Aerosol particles sampled in Sisal are shown to be very efficient INPs in the immersion freezing mode, with onset freezing temperatures in some cases as high as −3 ∘C, similarly to the onset temperature from Pseudomonas syringae. The results show that the INP concentration in Sisal was higher than at other locations sampled with the same type of INP counter. Air masses arriving in Sisal after the passage of cold fronts have surprisingly higher INP concentrations than the campaign average, despite their lower total aerosol concentration. The high concentrations of INPs at warmer ice nucleation temperatures (T>-15 ∘C) and the supermicron size of the INPs suggest that biological particles may have been a significant contributor to the INP population in Sisal during this study. However, our observations also suggest that at temperatures ranging between −20 and −30 ∘C mineral dust particles are the likely source of the measured INPs.

Minorities' languages face transformation processes and struggle against many social and linguistic limitations. Education systems in these languages are not optimal to promote the teaching of ancestral knowledge and scientific research. This is the case of Kichwa, an Ecuadorian native language that more than half-million people speak with different variations among the country. Kichwa lacks science tools to respond to educational needs, unleashing the gradual loss of intercultural diversity. The adaptation of the periodic table to Kichwa was developed in this work, taking into account its different language variations and the Kichwa speaker's opinion to ensure the acceptance of this scientific tool. This research aims to break barriers in the development and conservation of indigenous people's intellect by promoting Kichwa deep-rooted writing and enhancing an excellent bilingual intercultural education system in Ecuador.

Resumen: En las décadas recientes, los problemas relacionados con la actividad antropogénica han generado preocupación debido a la acumulación de contaminantes en el aire, dando como resultado cambios en las concentraciones de gases de efecto invernadero y el material particulado. En Ecuador y el resto del mundo, la contaminación atmosférica representa un riego y una amenaza para la salud y el medio ambiente. Para realizar un análisis sobre esta temática es necesario realizar un proceso dinámico, seguido de un esfuerzo permanente que permita para mejorar la calidad de la información. Los estudios realizados en Ecuador sobre emisiones de contaminantes se realizan desde 2010; sin embargo, no se ejecutan comparaciones sobre de este tema en el contexto mundial, lo que conduce a que no se pueda realizar una apreciación real de la situación de la calidad del aire en el país, así como las consecuencias que pueden conducir no hacerlo. De esta manera, surge el principal objetivo de este proyecto que es analizar los niveles de concentración de NO 2 y O 3 en Ecuador y realizar una comparación directa con distintas ciudades alrededor del mundo. Dando como resultado que la concentración de los gases de estudio varía con el número de la población de un sector además de la contaminación que esta produce. Para desarrollar la presente investigación se ha recolectado información que proviene de la Organización Mundial de Meteorología, pertenecientes a WHO WDCGG DATA SUMMARY (World Meterological Organization World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases) del año 2015, mientras que los datos de las ciudades de estudio de Ecuador (Ibarra y Quito) fueron proporcionados por el municipio de Ibarra y por el Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito.Palabras clave: Contaminación antropogénica, dióxido de nitrógeno, ozono troposférico, concentración de gases atmosféricos.

Atmospheric aerosol particles that can nucleate ice are referred to as ice nucleating particles (INP). Recent studies have confirmed that aerosol particles emitted by mid-and high-latitude oceans can act as INPs. This very relevant information can be included in climate and weather models to predict the formation of ice in clouds, given that most of them do not consider the oceans as 5

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad realizar un análisis del comportamiento en lo que respecta a la cultura política, en la comunidad universitaria nicaragüense durante la segunda mitad del triunfo de la Revolución Popular Sandinista. Muchas veces se ha hablado de las luchas históricas del movimiento estudiantil, el antagonismo a la dictadura de los Somoza, la defensa de la Revolución, la lucha por el 6%, constitucional que no se vislumbraba únicamente en cubrir aranceles, y pago a los docentes, sino que iba más allá. Se buscaba una base material económica que permitiera la supervivencia de la Universidad de una forma justa, racional, participativa, democrática y accesible al pueblo.