Objective Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are a major risk factor for bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have recently shown that ACPA directly induce bone loss by stimulating osteoclast differentiation. As ACPA precede the clinical onset of RA by years, we hypothesised that ACPA positive healthy individuals may already show skeletal changes. Methods We performed a comparative micro-CT analysis of the bone microstructure in the metacarpophalangeal joints of ACPA positive and ACPA negative healthy individuals without clinical signs of arthritis. Results ACPA positive (n=15) and negative (n=15) healthy individuals were not different in age (48.2±4.1 vs 51.4±3.8 years, p=0.57) or gender (eight women and two men in both groups). Bone mineral density was significantly reduced in ACPA positive individuals (mean±SEM 280±11 mg/cm 3 ) compared with controls (327±6). Bone loss was based on cortical bone changes, with significant ( p=0.044) reduction in cortical thickness in the ACPA positive group (mean±SEM 0.22±0.03 mm) compared with controls (0.32±0.03 mm). Areas of cortical porosity were significantly ( p=0.0005) more widespread in ACPA positive (mean±SEM 7.4±1.4%) than in ACPA negative individuals (1.0±0.3%). Discussion Structural bone damage starts before the clinical onset of arthritis in subjects with ACPA. These findings revise the concept that bone damage is an exclusive consequence of synovitis in patients with RA.
Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie Der aktuelle Standard von Diagnostik und Therapie des Basalzellkarzinoms soll dargestellt werden. Hieraus sollen sinnvolle Vorgehensweisen für das klinische Management abgeleitet werden. Methodik Es erfolgte eine systematische Literaturrecherche in der Online-Datenbank PubMed. Die gesammelten Informationen wurden analysiert und bewertet. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wurde ein Gesamtkonzept erstellt. Ergebnisse Das Basalzellkarzinom ist der häufigste Tumor des Menschen und die Inzidenz wird voraussichtlich künftig weiter zunehmen. Beim Management der Erkrankung wird eine eindimensionale Orientierung am klinischen bzw. histologischen Basalzellkarzinom-Subtyp der Heterogenität des Tumors nicht gerecht. Zunehmende Bedeutung gewinnt die primäre Durchführung einer Risikostratifizierung, die für die weiteren diagnostischen und therapeutischen Schritte maßgeblich ist. Goldstandard in der Behandlung bleibt weiterhin das operative Vorgehen, welches möglichst mittels mikrografisch kontrollierter Chirurgie erfolgen sollte. Daneben existieren weitere Therapieverfahren wie die Radiotherapie oder eine Reihe an topischen Therapieoptionen (photodynamische Therapie, Kryotherapie oder Applikation von 5-Fluoruracil bzw. Imiquimod), die in bestimmten Fällen zur Anwendung kommen können. Auch für fortgeschrittene oder metastasierte Basalzellkarzinome stehen mit den Hedgehog-Inhibitoren wirksame Medikamente zur Verfügung, für die inzwischen eine mehrjährige Anwendungserfahrung hinsichtlich Wirksamkeit und Umgang mit unerwünschten Ereignissen vorliegt. Mit dem PD-1-Inhibitor Cemiplimab steht seit Juni 2021 eine weitere therapeutische Option für nicht operable oder metastasierte Tumoren bereit. Schlussfolgerung Das Basalzellkarzinom wird in den kommenden Jahren weiter an Relevanz in der täglichen dermatologischen Praxis gewinnen. Eine strukturierte Herangehensweise zur Einschätzung der vorliegenden Risikokategorie des Tumors und die anschließende Festlegung des optimalen Therapieregimes sind von zentraler Bedeutung. Fortgeschrittene oder metastasierte Tumoren stellen keine aussichtslose Situation für den Patienten mehr dar. Durch adaptierte Dosierschemata kann ein nebenwirkungsbedingter Therapieabbruch unter langfristiger Hedgehog-Therapie vermieden werden. Ebenso kann das therapeutische Potenzial des PD-1-Inhibitors Cemiplimab unter dem von anderen Hautkrebsarten bekannten Nebenwirkungsprofil genutzt werden.
Background Autoimmunity develops long before the development of clinically signs of inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this context the appearance of autoantibodies against citrullinated proteins (ACPA) may be an important step promoting the transition from autoimmunity to inflammatory disease. Objectives We hypothesized that healthy ACPA-positive individuals with no clinical signs of arthritis show subclinical soft tissue inflammation in their joints, which can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Twelve ACPA positive healthy individuals without clinical signs of arthritis and normal acute phase reactant levels received an MRI (Siemens 1,5 Tesla Aera) examination of the dominant hand. Patients were taken from a cohort of ACPA-positive healthy individuals established at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. T1- and T2-weigthed MRI sequences were scored for synovitis, osteitis and bone erosions according to the OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI scoring system (RAMRIS) by two independent assessors. Furthermore, the presence or absence of tenosynovitis was recorded. Results Data of twelve ACPA positive individuals [10 females (average age 49,8), 2 males (age: 54/39)] were analyzed. Mean level of CCP-antibodies were 251,7 U/ml (cut off: 10 U/ml), mean level for MCV–antibodies were 335 U/ml (cut off: 20 U/ml). Six subjects were also positive for rheumatoid factor (RF) with a mean level of 65,9 IE/ml (cut off 20 IE/ml). Synovitis (not higher than grade 1 in OMERACT Score) was seen in 7/12 subjects affecting 13% (11/84) of all assessed joints. Due to low-grade synovitis inter-reader reliability was low (κ-coefficient 0,53). Osteitis was detected in 3/12 subjects, involving 2,1% (6/276) of the evaluated bones. Osteitis was exclusively found in the carpal bones when present. Inter-reader reliability was high (κ-coefficient 1,00). Tenosynovitis of the extensor and/or flexor tendons was rather frequent and found in 7/12 subjects. Small bone erosions were seen in 9/12 subjects affecting 5,8% (16/276) of the bone surface. 75% of erosions did affect the carpal bones. Conclusions A subset of healthy ACPA-positive individuals, which are at risk for developing RA, show distinct inflammatory lesions in the MRI. The carpal joints are the preferentially affected anatomical region, whereas the MCP joints are rarely and the PIP joints never affected. Tenosynovitis was frequently present support the concept that inflammatory lesions in RA start in the tendons around the wrist. Acknowledgements *AK and MK contributed equally to this work Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.3437
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