Le ModeÁ le de Culture Fit explique la manieÁ re dont l'environnement socioculturel influence la culture interne au travail et les pratiques de la direction des ressources humaines. Ce modeÁ le a e te teste sur 2003 salarie s d'entreprises prive es dans 10 pays. Les participants ont rempli un questionnaire de 57 items, destine aÁ mesurer les perceptions de la direction sur 4 dimensions socioculturelles, 6 dimensions de culture interne au travail, et les pratiques HRM (Management des Ressources Humaines) dans 3 zones territoiriales. Une analyse ponde re e par re gressions multiples, au niveau individuel, a montre que les directeurs qui caracte risaient leurs environnement socio-culturel de facË on fataliste, supposaient aussi que les employe s n'e taient pas malle ables par nature. Ces directeurs ne pratiquaient pas l'enrichissement des postes et donnaient tout pouvoir au controà le et aÁ la re mune ration en fonction des performances. Les directeurs qui appre ciaient une grande loyaute des employe s supposaient qu'ils remplissent entre eux des obligations re ciproques et s'engagaient dans la voie donnant pouvoir aux pratiques HRM. Les directeurs qui percevaient le paternalisme et une forte distance de l'autorite dans leur environnement socio-culturel, supposaient une re activite des employe s, et en outre ne pourvoyaient pas aÁ l'enrichissement des postes et aÁ la de le gation. Des modeÁ les spe cifiques aÁ la culture qui mettent en relation ces 3 groupes de variables ainsi que les applications de ces recherches pour la psychologie industrielles trans-culturellesont e te de battus.The Model of Culture Fit explains the way in which socio-cultural environment influences internal work culture and human resource management practices. This model was tested using 1,954 employees from business organisations in 10 countries. Participants completed a 57-item questionnaire which measured managerial perceptions of four socio-cultural dimensions, six internal work culture dimensions and HRM practices in three areas. Moderated multiple regressions at the individual level analysis revealed that managers who characterised their socio-cultural environment as fatalistic also assumed that employees, by nature, were not malleable. These managers did not administer job enrichment, empowering supervision, and performance± reward contingency. Managers who valued high loyalty assumed that employees should fulfil obligations to one another, and engaged in empowering HR practices. Managers who perceived paternalism and high power distance in their socio-cultural environment assumed employee reactivity, and furthermore, did not provide job enrichment and empowerment. Culturespecific patterns of relationships among the three sets of variables, as well as implications of this research for cross-cultural industrial/organisational psychology, are discussed.
True and effective leadership is that in which the leader's behaviour and the exercise of the leadership influence process are consistent with ethical and moral values. This paper explores the need for ethical leadership and the ways in which it is manifested in organizations. It identifies the three components of the ethical leadership model proposed by Kanungo and Mendonca (1996): the ethics of the leader's motives, influence process strategies, and the nature of the self‐transformation needed for ethical leadership. As a central theme, the paper then examines what the leader can do to prepare for ethical leadership in organizations. More specifically, it identifies some of the sources that the leader can tap to develop as a moral person possessed of inner strength and resourcefulness that lead to the self‐transformation of both the leader and the followers. Résumé Le leadership véritable et efficace en est un dans lequel le comportement du leader et l'exercice du processus d'influence de leadership sont consistants avec des valeurs morales et éthiques. Cette étude explore le besoin d'un leadership éthique et les façons dont il est manifesté dans les organisations. Elle identifie les trois composantes du modèle de leadership éthique proposé par Kanungo et Mendonca (1996): l'éthique des motifs du leader, les stratégies du processus d'influence et la nature de la transformation de soi‐même requises pour le leadership éthique. Comme thème central, l'étude examine ce que le leader peutfaire pour se préparer au leadership éthique dans les organisations. Spécifiquement, elle identifie quelques‐unes des sources auxquelles le leader peut avoir accès pour se développer en tant que personne morale possédant une force intérieure et qui est pleine de ressources qui mènent à la transformation personnelle du leader et de ses adeptes.
Argues that performance management techniques and practices developed in US organizations cannot be successful in the developing country context to gain competitive advantage unless the issue of culture‐fit is addressed adequately. “Culture‐fit” can be ensured when managers adopt human resource management strategies to overcome the cultural constraints and build on the strengths of the socio‐cultural environment.
Is an ethical leader an oxymoron? Society demands and expects greater accountability from organizational leaders. The literature on leadership, especially business leadership, has neglected ethical issues by focusing only on those approaches and strategies that emphasize self-centred, individualistic concerns. How ever, true and effective leadership is one in which the leader's behaviour and the exercise of the leadership influence process are consistent with ethical and moral values. The authors argue that our understanding of leadership is incomplete, if not deformed, if it does not include the three critical dimensions of ethical leadership.
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