The human microbiome mainly consists of bacteria and interacts closely with the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are used to treat several types of cancers. Recently, it has been identified that the gut microbiome plays a role in the effectiveness of immunotherapy. This study aims to analyze the effect of microbiome and antibiotics on the effectiveness of ICI in cancer patients and the measures to improve efficacy based on that. A detailed review was conducted on articles published in PubMed and Science Direct in the last five years i.e., 2016 to 2021. A total of 16 articles involving 1293 patients with cancer who were receiving immunotherapy, were deemed eligible to be included in the final review. Data were extracted from the eligible articles and were checked for quality appraisal. All 16 articles revealed the effect of either gut microbiome or antibiotics or both on ICI. Based on our findings, we found that the microbiome enriched in different microorganisms responded differently to the ICI and that antibiotics negatively impacted the effectiveness of ICI. The time at which patients receiving ICI were prescribed antibiotics influenced the effect of ICI. Antibiotics and different microbiome also affected progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Takayasu's arteritis (TAK) is a rare large vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that chiefly targets the aorta and its branches. It predominantly affects females under 50 years of age. A relationship between TAK and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) has been suggested for a long time, but only a few systematic studies have been done centering on this association. The present systematic review aimed to analyze the possible association between TAK and TB based on the studies conducted previously. A detailed search was conducted until April 2021 using three databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MedlinePlus. PubMed search on the related topic identified 1053 articles, four on Cochrane Library, and three on MedlinePlus. Finally, 13 papers were pertinent for our review. The appropriate data was extracted from these articles, and the risk of bias assessment was done. The systematic review of these finalized articles found that the majority of the current studies supported the presence of TB in patients with TAK. Out of 13 final observational studies, only one study failed to detect a link between TAK and TB. However, data are still lacking that show a direct link between them. Future large-scale studies are needed to probe the exact role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the etiopathogenesis of TAK.

Pulmonary tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a significant public health issue, especially in developing countries, affecting millions of people every year. Despite the development of many antitubercular antibiotics and increased awareness of preventive methods, it is still a major cause of mortality worldwide. Vitamin D, a micronutrient known to have a major role in bone and calcium metabolism, has also shown its immunomodulatory effects to suppress mycobacterial growth. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence to explore the association between vitamin D levels and tuberculosis. We performed a systematic search for articles from inception to May 2021 in multiple databases. We included 26 studies in our qualitative synthesis and 12 studies in meta-analysis or quantitative synthesis. In our meta-analysis, we used a random-effect model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of vitamin D deficiency in tuberculosis patients compared to the healthy controls. On pooled analysis, we found that the odds of the participants having vitamin D deficiency was 3.23 times more in tuberculosis patients compared to the healthy group (OR=3.23, CI = 1.91-5.45, p<0.0001). Thus, we concluded that there is an association between low levels of vitamin D and tuberculosis infections. We suggest conducting longterm prospective cohort studies in tuberculosis endemic countries to better understand the causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis.

Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is a rare disease with a progressive nature, eventually leading to lung fibrosis. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a widely accepted drug for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a disease that shares some similarities with SSc-ILD regarding pathological disease processes. In this review, we aim to discuss the pathogenesis of SSc-ILD and the overall role of nintedanib in the management of SSc-ILD. SSc-ILD involves multiple pathological mediators contributing to various pathways that ultimately cause lung fibrosis. The pathogenesis of SSc-ILD is a complex phenomenon and still needs further study. Nintedanib has demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of SSc-ILD by reducing the progression of the pathological process. It has also proven its clinical significance in the management of SSc-ILD. However, the currently available literature does not have any evidence to compare the effectiveness of nintedanib with the already available treatment modalities such as cyclophosphamide (CYC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and azathioprine (AZT). The current literature also lacks information about nintedanib's long-term consequences on patients with SSc-ILD. Therefore, to create better evidence-based treatment guidelines, we recommend that researchers conduct randomized clinical trials comparing nintedanib to MMF, CYC, AZT, etc., and continue surveillance to explore the longterm consequences of nintedanib.