To estimate the prevalence of dry eyes in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus and to compare various tests of dry eye.An analytical cross sectional study was conducted on 150 patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dry eyes symptoms were assessed using Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire and graded according to severity. The diagnosis was confirmed by positive Ocular surface staining pattern with fluorescein, Tear film breakup time test (TBUT) or Schirmers test. Severity of dry eyes was determined and prevalence calculated. The prevalence rate of dry eye disease among diabetics was calculated as 36% on the basis of Ocular surface disease index. Mild, moderate and severe dry eyes were present in 16%, 16% and 4% patients respectively. TBUT showed very good agreement with highest diagnostic accuracy. Schirmers test and Fluorescein test had good and moderate agreement respectively.Diabetes mellitus associated dry eye disease (DMDES) is the most frequent diabetic complication in clinical practice. Clinical trials are warranted to confirm the effects of the currently applied drugs in diabetes-associated DES for a better outcome in such patients. Our study can act as a stepping stone for larger multi-centric studies to gain more information about this largely unrecognized problem of diabetes associated dry eye disease.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine microbiological profile with their antibiotic sensitivity in cases of bacterial keratitis in north and central India to ensure appropriate use of antibiotics. Methods: The microbiology laboratory records of 228 patients with culture-proven bacterial keratitis from 1 st January to 31 st December 2019 were analyzed. Cultured bacterial isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of corneal ulcer. Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test were applied to check the significance of difference between the susceptibility levels of antibiotics. Results: The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa –induced keratitis was higher in northern India, whereas that by Streptococcus pneumoniae was more prevalent in central India. In central India, 100% of S. pneumoniae isolates were found to be sensitive to ceftriaxone compared to 79% in northern India ( P = 0.017). In comparison to 67% of isolates from north India, 15% of S. aureus isolates from central India were found to be sensitive to ofloxacin ( P = 0.009). Similarly, 23% of isolates from central India were found sensitive to amikacin compared to 65% of isolates from north India ( P = 0.012). P. aeruginosa isolates from central India were found to be sensitive to ceftazidime in 63% of cases compared to 21% of isolates from north India ( P = 0.034). Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics are not uniform across geography. Vancomycin remained the most effective drug in all gram-positive coccal infections. S . aureus susceptibility to amikacin was significantly greater in north India. P . aeruginosa showed less susceptibility as compared to previous reports.

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial activities of nine homoeopathic preparations through an in vitro study. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of nine homoeopathic preparations was evaluated through broth microdilution according to clinical and laboratory standards institute with slight modifications (M07-A10). Result: The mean and standard deviation of homoeopathic preparations against S. aureus and E. coli show lesser values than control and ethyl alcohol at lower volumes (10 μL and 15 μL, respectively). The broth microdilution assay provides the information that seven homoeopathic preparations exhibited significant results against S. aureus at 10 μL and eight homoeopathic preparations exhibited significant results against E. coli at 15 μL. Conclusion: The ultra-diluted homoeopathic preparations at different volumes especially lower volumes showed significant results against S. aureus (10 μL) and E. coli (15 μL) when compared to the negative control (91% ethyl alcohol). Further, in vivo studies may be carried out to confirm their mode and mechanism of action of homoeopathic preparations.

To study the role of Impression cytology in various ocular surface disorders and to evaluate its safety and compatability.A case control study was done of which 25 patients who had clinically obvious conjunctival. Involvement served as cases and 25 who were without any symptoms served as control. All the patients were subjected to tests of dry eye evaluation such as Schirmers test and Tear Film Break Up time (TFBUT) test. Conjunctival impressions were obtained using millipore cellulose acetate paper strips. Cytological samples were graded according to Nelson and Wright classification.Patients with bitots spot had large goblet cells and squamous metaplasia. All of the patients showed Grade 1 cytological changes (34.61% of all samples) Patients with severe chemical burns showed Grade III cytological changes i.e 100% of samples and patient with mild chemical burn showed grade II cytological change, i.e 99% of samples.Impression cytology is a simple and non-surgical technique for diagnosis and therapeutic control of ocular surface disorders. It helps in identifying those at imminent risk of developing symptoms but also helps in assessing the severity of cytological changes in symptomatic subjects.

Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in individuals more than 50 years of age. Aim of this study was to know the prevalence and various socio demographic risk factors associated with ARMD. We studied 300 patients attending Ophthalmology OPD of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Maharashtra. Risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, Body Mass Index (BMI), and family history of ARMD were studied. Diagnosis of ARMD was confirmed on Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT). Out of 300 patients studied, 24 (8.0%) had ARMD. Increasing age was found to be a significant risk factor for ARMD. In our study, we found that there were 83.3% females as compared to 16.7% males. There was no statistically significant association found between Body Mass Index and ARMD in our study. Among patients with ARMD, 4 (16.7%) were smokers and 20 (83.3%) were non-smokers and this was not found to be statistically significant. Family history was found to be a significant risk factor for development of ARMD. Increasing age, female sex and family history of ARMD were significant risk factors associated with development of ARMD.