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The mechanisms determining community phylogenetic structure range from local ecological mechanisms to broad biogeographical processes. How these community assembly processes determine phylogenetic structure and patterns in rangeland communities across multiple spatial scales is still poorly understood. We sought to determine whether the structure of herbaceous and shrub assemblages along local environmental gradients (elevation) and broad geography (latitude) exhibited phylogenetic signal at different spatial scales, across 2,500 ha of a mountainous rangeland. We analyzed species distribution and phylogenetic data at two spatial scales: the community level (1 m2 sample units obtained by stratified random sampling) and the habitat level (plant assemblages identified categorically based on environmental and geographical variables). We found significant phylogenetic signal in structure and pattern at both spatial scales, along local elevational, and latitudinal gradients. Moreover, beta diversity was affected by different environmental variables in herbaceous and shrub species distributions across different spatial scales. Our results highlight the relative importance of local ecological mechanisms, including niche‐based deterministic processes (environmental filtering and species interactions) as well as those of biogeographical processes, such as stochastic dispersal limitation and habitat specialization in plant assemblages of mountainous rangeland.

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