Messenger RNA sequences often have to preserve functional secondary structure elements in addition to coding for proteins. We present a statistical analysis of retroviral mRNA which supports the hypothesis that the natural genetic code is adapted to such complementary coding. These sequences are still able to explore efficiently the space of possible proteins by point mutations. This is borne out by the observation that, in stem regions of retroviral mRNA foldings, silent mutations on one strand are preferentially accompanied by conservative mutations on the other. Distances between amino acids based on physicochemical properties are used to quantify the conservation of protein function under the constraint of maintained RNA secondary structure. We find that preservation of RNA secondary structure by compensatory mutations is evolutionary compatible with the efficient search for new variants on the protein level.
Successful dialog between science and the public is vital for the development and introduction of new technologies. The National Academy of Science and Engineering in Germany has analysed experiences gained from controversies and communication strategies surrounding green genetic engineering and other fields of biotechnology, from a communications and social science viewpoint, as well as a historical perspective. From this, recommendations on how to communicate biotechnology in the future, with objectivity and balance, have been derived.
Zusammenfassung
Die Künstliche Photosynthese kann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Gelingen einer nachhaltigen Energiewende leisten. Die einzelnen Schlüsselprozesse sind weitgehend erforscht und verstanden. Es gibt bereits einzelne Systeme, etwa basierend auf einer Kombination aus Elektrolyse und Photovoltaik, in denen durch Sonnenenergie Wasser und Kohlendioxid in Brenn‐ und Rohstoffe umgewandelt werden. Als konsequente Weiterentwicklung von Power‐to‐X‐Technologien kann durch Künstliche Photosynthese Sonnenergie noch am selben Ort zur Produktion von Brenn‐ und Wertstoffen genutzt und so der Umweg über das Stromnetz vermieden werden. Wichtig ist, dass die Gesellschaft durch einen intensiven Dialog im frühen Entwicklungsstadium für neue Technologien sensibilisiert wird. Nur so kann die Weiterentwicklung der Künstlichen Photosynthese nachhaltig vorangetrieben werden.
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