The fields of RNA modification and RNA damage both exhibit a plethora of non‐canonical nucleoside structures. While RNA modifications have evolved to improve RNA function, the term RNA damage implies detrimental effects. Based on stable isotope labelling and mass spectrometry, we report the identification and characterisation of 2‐methylthio‐1,N6‐ethenoadenosine (ms2ϵA), which is related to 1,N6‐ethenoadenine, a lesion resulting from exposure of nucleic acids to alkylating chemicals in vivo. In contrast, a sophisticated isoprene labelling scheme revealed that ms2ϵA biogenesis involves cleavage of a prenyl moiety in the known transfer RNA (tRNA) modification 2‐methylthio‐N6‐isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A). The relative abundance of ms2ϵA in tRNAs from translating ribosomes suggests reduced function in comparison to its parent RNA modification, establishing the nature of the new structure in a newly perceived overlap of the two previously separate fields, namely an RNA modification damage.
Cyclization of small molecules is a widely applied strategy in drug design for ligand optimization to improve affinity, as it eliminates the putative need for structural preorganization of the ligand before binding, or to improve pharmacokinetic properties. In this work, we provide a deeper insight into the binding thermodynamics of a macrocyclic Zika virus NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitor and its linear analogs. Characterization of the thermodynamic binding profiles by isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed an unfavorable entropy of the macrocycle compared to the open linear reference ligands.Molecular dynamic simulations and X-ray crystal structure analysis indicated only minor benefits from macrocyclization to fixate a favorable conformation, while linear ligands retained some flexibility even in the protein-bound complex structure, possibly explaining the initially surprising effect of a higher entropic penalty for the macrocyclic ligand.
Die Bereiche RNA‐Modifikation und RNA‐Schaden weisen beide eine Vielzahl nicht‐kanonischer Nukleosidstrukturen auf. Während sich RNA‐Modifikationen zur Verbesserung der RNA‐Funktion entwickelt haben, impliziert die Bezeichnung RNA‐Schaden negative Auswirkungen. Auf Grundlage der Markierung mit stabilen Isotopen und Massenspektrometrie berichten wir von der Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von 2‐Methylthio‐1,N6‐ethenoadenosin (ms2ϵA), welches mit 1,N6‐Ethenoadenin, einer Läsion, die durch Exposition von Nukleinsäuren gegenüber alkylierenden Chemikalien in vivo entsteht, verwandt ist. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte ein ausgefeiltes Konzept zur Isopren‐Markierung, dass die Biogenese von ms2ϵA die Spaltung eines Prenylrests in der bekannten transfer‐RNA (tRNA)‐Modifikation 2‐Methylthio‐N6‐isopentenyladenosin (ms2i6A) beinhaltet. Die relative Häufigkeit von ms2ϵA in tRNAs von translatierenden Ribosomen lässt eine verminderte Funktionalität im Vergleich zur ursprünglichen RNA‐Modifikation vermuten, wodurch die Natur der neuen Struktur in einer neu wahrgenommenen Überschneidung der beiden zuvor getrennten Bereiche, nämlich ein RNA‐Modifikationsschaden, begründet wird.
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