This paper is singular in its use of the PSED dataset for deriving a better understanding of the nature of nascent entrepreneurs as compared to franchisee entrepreneurs. We used previous studies on the differences between the two groups and developed variables divided into three dimensions: (1) prior experience, (2) growth objectives, and (3) motivation and risk. Jonckheere-Terpstra (J-T) tests, ChiSquare tests, F-tests and logistic regression models detected differences in all three dimensions. The conclusion is that franchisee entrepreneurs in the United States of America are distinctive in their characteristics. As compared to nascent entrepreneurs, franchisee entrepreneurs have less experience, less confidence in their skills, less capital, more aspirations for larger organizations, less confidence in their abilities to make the business a success, and more belief that their first-year incomes will be stable.This study makes a singular contribution to the literature by being the first to analyze the differences between nascent entrepreneurs and franchisees using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) national database of the United States of America. The PSED, developed through the Entrepreneurship Research Consortium, was one of the most comprehensive studies ever completed on nascent entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurs and franchisees are often considered different in relationship to risky startup ventures. The popular culture image of an entrepreneur denotes a person who is willing to take large risks on uncertain ventures on the chance that he Int Entrep Manag J (2007) 3:403-418

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the ethical dimensions in China. It reviews the extant business ethics literature on China, collects data on ethical conduct from a large Chinese university, and analyzes the data to examine emerging trends. Design/methodology/approach -Factor analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) are applied to an established survey instrument after reliability is confirmed. Findings -Principal-components factor analysis uncovers six main factors. MDS further reduces the explanatory variables into four ethical dimensions, while increasing the number of useable observations. These four dimensions are then correlated with some demographic and psychographic variables. Results reveal four quadrants with different characteristics: Quadrant I "Unsympathetic, ethically challenged, self centered" have lower grade-point index (GPA); Quadrant II "Ethically challenged, other directed" have higher GPA, watch more TV, and are more likely to be female; Quadrant III "Community orientation, ethically centered" are more likely to be female with higher class ranking and Quadrant IV "Challenge avoidance, controlling, religious" are more likely to have a lower GPA and lower level of religiosity. Research limitations/implications -Inferences from this paper may be limited to the sample group. Further expansion of the paper may suggest additional insights. Originality/value -Ethics is often ignored in China's business education. While well researched in the USA, this topic is rarely studied in China. This is of concern to businesses looking for managers in the Chinese market and for individuals and researchers who want a framework to better understand ethical dimensions of Chinese management.

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This paper discusses the strategic motives, the markets entered, the methods used and the challenges faced by Chinese companies building their own brand or buying one to expand globally. We present a regression model enabling the analysis of recent Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activities and the successes and failures between the Chinese and foreign target companies. The developed model considers the strategic motives to globalise, the type of country and acquisition. By using the Monte Carlo resampling methods, we can draw conclusions about the probability of success of the outbound M&A success.Our results show that brand-motivated acquisitions are more likely to be completed than resource-based acquisitions both in developed and developing markets. Our research found that all branding related acquisitions are in developed countries. However, the numbers of resource based acquisitions were evenly split between developing and developed countries, where in the developed countries, they were more likely to fail than in the developing ones. Nationalistic sentiments seem to be heightened by these resource-based acquisitions and were much more common in developed countries than in developing ones. It also seems that Chinese companies build brand recognition in developed countries by buying readily established brand names and are more likely to build their own brand in developing countries.Keywords: international business; globalisation; automotive industry; China; exporting M&A; branding; international marketing; Outward Direct Investment; ODI.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Fetscherin, M. and Sardy, M. (xxxx) 'Chinese brands: the build or buy considerations', Int.

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