Previous research, mainly in the United States, has identified several barriers to acting as a bystander in sexual harassment at university campuses. Despite the high frequency of harassment in Latin America, there is a dearth of studies investigating barriers to bystander behaviour in this context. In this pilot study, we report findings exploring harassment and bystander behaviour in university staff and students in Ecuador, a Latin American country characterised by masculine social norms and high levels of gender-based harassment. In an on-line survey, 129 staff and students from universities in different regions of Ecuador answered questions about perceptions of seriousness of harassment, rape myth acceptance, actual incidences of being a perpetrator, victim, or a bystander, and the likelihood and difficulties of bystander action. Women and those who scored higher in rape myth acceptance reported more intervention difficulties. In addition, women and those who had previously perpetrated harassment rated their likelihood of intervening lower. Finally, perceptions of harassment as a serious problem in campuses related to a higher likelihood of intervening as a bystander. We discuss the results in terms of practical applications in devising culturally appropriate bystander intervention workshops.

Neotropical Entomology 33(2): 255-264 (2004) Fauna Flebotomínea Involucrada en la Transmisión de Leishmaniasis Cutánea en las Comunidades Negra e Indígena de la Costa Pacífica del Choco, Colombia RESÚMEN -Se llevo a cabo un estudio prospectivo sobre diversidad de fauna flebotomínea en la Costa Pacifica colombiana y su relación con la epidemiología de la leishmaniosis, donde se capturó un total de 5.365 ejemplares en trampas de luz, madrigueras de mamíferos, en reposo y en cebo humano. Se colectó un total de 42 especies de flebotomíneos pertenecientes a los géneros Lutzomyia, Brumptomyia y Warileya e igualmente se encontraron especies altamente antropofilicas e incriminadas en la capacidad. Además se encontró que Leishmania panamensis es la especie de parásito que está afectando a la población en general siendo la prevalencia de infección de la enfermedad un 57%, para los indígenas, mientras en la población negra sólo el 26% ha tenido contacto con el parásito. En los indígenas no hay diferencias en la positividad para la prueba de Montenegro entre los sexos: 57% de los hombres y 58.5% de las mujeres son positivas. Mientras que en la comunidad negra 39% de los hombres son positivos para esta prueba, frente a 10% de las mujeres, reflejando esto las diferencias en el comportamiento de las dos etnias frente al bosque. Estos resultados confirman que la transmisión de L. panamensis en el área de estudio está restringida a las áreas rurales y ligada a la actividad de las personas y a la ubicación con respecto al bosque de las viviendas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Lutzomyia, Emberá, Leishmania panamensisABSTRACT -A prospective study was conducted on the diversity of phlebotomine in the pacific coast of Colombia and its relationship with the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis. A total of 5,365 phlebotomines were collected on light traps, in human baits also standing still on walls, trees and mammalian caves. In total, 42 phlebotomine species were identified belonging to the genera Lutzomyia, Brumptomyia and Warileya. Among these, the highly anthropophilic vector species Lutzomyia gomezi (Nitzulescu), Lu. hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig) and Lu. trapidoi (Fairchild & Hertig). Leishmania panamensis was the main parasite species affecting the population, with a prevalence of 57% in Indians and 26% in black people. In the Indian community no difference was found in the skin test (Montenegro) between sexes, being positive in 57% of indian males and 58.5% in indian females. In contrast, 39% of black males and 10% black females were found to be positive in the skin test. These results confirm that the transmission of L. panamensis in the studied area is restricted to the rural areas and linked to people activities and the location of their homes.

All night sleep electroencephalograms were recorded in 10 healthy adults for 2 nights. On the second night all subjects were requested to be at the laboratory 5 hr. before their usual bedtime and were submitted to the same routine for performance on several visuomotor tasks; experimental subjects were required to use visual inverting prisms upon their arrival and during the performance of the tasks. Subjects were awakened 10 min. after each paradoxical sleep episode for dream collection. Dream content was significantly affected by the use of the inverting prisms: the presleep tasks and day-time activities were more frequently incorporated into the dreams of the experimental subjects. The dreams of the experimental group were more active and vividness was evaluated as lower by them than by the control subjects.

Background. Emerging extraction techniques for bioactive compounds have been cataloged as efficient and cost effective compared to conventional ones. The objective of this research was to define the time and temperature that will guarantee a higher mangiferin content and antioxidant potential in Colombian Criollo mango peel through Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). Materials and methods. To find the optimal extraction conditions, response surface methodology was used, proposing a 3 2 factorial experimental design having as response variables the content of mangiferin and total phenols, and the antioxidant activity measured through ABTS and ORAC techniques. Results. According to the results obtained, the R 2 values were in accordance with the adjusted R 2 values, showing that the data fit the model well. The results showed that both time and temperature had a significant effect on all the variables evaluated (p < 0.05). The optimization of multiple responses showed that the optimal extraction conditions were 10 min and 54°C; these values were performed experimentally to compare theoretical values, finding percentages of standard residual error of less than 5%. Conclusion. This allows the conclusion that the optimal parameters of temperature and time in ultrasoundassisted extraction were defined in Criollo mango peel. On the other hand, the peel showed a considerable metabolite content and antioxidant activity, suggesting it as a possible functional additive in the production of juices, nectars, and other mango-based products.

Muestras de acero al carbono fueron enterradas en el suelo arcilloso modificado con cal, ceniza volante y cemento Portland en proporción de 5 y un 10% durante 60 días. El ataque corrosivo fue evaluado mediante espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica. Muestras de suelo arcilloso sin modificación fueron tomadas como referencia. Los productos de corrosión se caracterizaron por espectroscopía Raman. Se encontró que el suelo con la adición de cenizas volantes y el cemento Portland puede desarrollar protección contra la corrosión del acero desnudo por la modificación del óxido formado sobre muestras de acero. La lepidocrocita y goetita se encontraron como los principales componentes de la herrumbre formada en el acero enterrado en suelos modificados con cenizas volantes y cemento, mientras que la magnetita se encuentra en la herrumbre formada en el acero enterrado en suelo modificado con cal y el suelo sin modificación. De acuerdo con los resultados electroquímicos, el suelo modificado con un 5% de cenizas volantes mostró el mejor desempeño anticorrosivo. Palabras clave: Acero al carbono, corrosión en suelos, modificación de suelos, impedancia electroquímica, espectroscopía Raman.