This study confirms the advantages provided by insulin pump use in patients with diabetes were enhanced by the use of continuous glucose monitoring. We provided more evidence-based advice on how best to adjust the insulin pump during fasting.

RESUMOO comportamento de constituintes bioquímicos sanguíneos (glicose, fibrinogênio, creatina fosfoquinase e gama-glutamiltransferase) foi monitorado, in vivo, em 12 equinos mestiços (seis machos e seis fêmeas), com idade entre 4 e 20 anos, submetidos à ozonioterapia. O tratamento foi realizado mediante administração de 500 ou 1000mL da mistura de oxigênio-ozônio (O 2 -O 3 ) por via intravenosa, a cada três dias, durante 24 dias. Os equinos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: MT500 constituído por três machos tratados com 500mL; MT1000 por três machos tratados com 1000mL; FT500, por três fêmeas tratadas com 500mL e FT1000, por três fêmeas tratadas com 1000mL. A ozonioterapia por via intravenosa não ocasionou alterações clínicas nos equinos. Os valores médios mínimos e máximos de glicose, fibrinogênio, creatina fosfoquinase e gama-glutamiltransferase mantiveram-se dentro d os limites de referência para a espécie equina. Houve diminuição nas concentrações da glicose e gamaglutamiltransferase ao longo dos períodos de aplicação e aumento nos valores do fibrinogênio. A creatina fosfoquinase não sofreu efeito do tratamento.Palavras-chave: cavalo, ozônio, glicose, gama-glutamiltransferase, creatina fosfoquinase, fibrinogênio ABSTRACT

Background: The impact of fasting during the month of Ramadan, practiced by adult Muslims, on glucose homeostasis has attracted much attention recently with view to understanding the metabolic price of fasting and to help plan rational management. The flash glucose monitoring (FGM) expressed as ambulatory glucose profiles (AGP) provides a minimally invasive yet comprehensive insight into blood glucose (BG) changes in relationship to various physiological and behavioral factors. Objectives: To investigate the BG homeostasis during Ramadan fasting in a group of individuals with different states of glucose tolerance. Methods: Eight individuals who were fasting during Ramadan were studied by FGM using the Abbott's FreeStyle® Libre™ system. They included individuals with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (1), prediabetes (2), postbariatric hypoglycemia (1) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (4). Results: In the normal pregnancy AGP's fluctuated minimally around meals with some asymptomatic low BG readings on prolonged fasting. In those with prediabetes, most of the daytime BG were within normal but there was a minimal post-prandial rises and some asymptomatic lower readings on prolonged fasting too. In the case of the patient with history of post-bariatric hypoglycemia, daytime fasting periods had perfectly stable normal BG. However, marked early postprandial hyperglycemia occurred in the evening followed by a short-lived symptomatic hypoglycemia. In the 4 patients with diabetes, AGP showed high glucose exposure, wide variation and marked instability after both traditional meals of dawn time (Suhor) and sunset (Iftar) particularly in the later. A variably slow downward trend throughout the day was observed. The differences in the AGP's reflected both biological and behavioral differences between patients within the general picture. AGP's before, during and after Ramadan in 3 patients revealed distinctly-different profiles reflecting the Middle Eastern meal pattern, Ramadan meal pattern and Eid feasting respectively. For patients these findings were discussed

Background: Total day-time fasting is observed by millions of adult Muslims during the whole lunar month of Ramadan. However, many people, particularly elderly men and women, do fast isolated or somehow consistent days outside Ramadan. This may pose clinical management challenges. Case Report: A case of an elderly diabetic man observing day-time Ramadan-type fasting on Mondays and Thursdays throughout the year is described. Detailed blood glucose (BG) profiles over a 10 week period were captured using the FreeStyle® Libre ™ Flash glucose monitoring system. Detailed study of these profiles revealed three distinctly different BG patterns every week. One pattern on the two fasting days (Mondays and Thursdays) with blood glucose peaking after dawn and after sunset with a downward trend throughout the day. A second pattern on Fridays with the BG levels that peak and remain high for a few hours in the early afternoon following the large and rich weekly family meal. The third pattern was seen on the remaining 4 non-fasting days where BG starts to rise in the midmorning reflecting the patient's life style of hosting and sharing with his business clients. Such detailed and visually presented information gave insights into his BG daily patterns enabling his therapeutic plans for hyperglycemia to be tailored on daily basis. Conclusions: This is the first documentation of glucose profiles during “Ramadan-type fasting” and feasting using the flash glucose monitoring system. In addition to detailed clinical and social history, use of medical technology may occasionally help resolve some difficult blood glucose patterns.