The aim of this paper is to describe the relationships between changes in employee indices (motivation and satisfaction) and customer indices (satisfaction and loyalty) in a single- and multi-term perspective. The article presents the results of primary research conducted in two industries (banking services and shopping centers) during three annual reference periods. The authors used the PLS-SEM method in the analytical process. The results of the research suggest that there is a strong relationship between changes in the areas of employee and customer satisfaction in the studied sectors, with a one-year time shift, which the authors called the “time gap”. In addition, it turned out that the strength of influence of the employee’s motivation level on customers is clearly lower than the strength of influence of the employee satisfaction. The occurrence of a “time gap” between employee and customer processes suggests that any changes introduced in the area of customer service as well as broadly understood human resource management policy need some time to become sustainable—to be noticed by the market and coded in the minds of the recipients of the offer as the new and currently applicable standard. The article makes a successful attempt at a long-term analysis of the relationship between employees and customers, assuming a time delay between both phenomena. As a result of the conducted research, it was possible to operationalize the discussed relationship in terms of strength and direction as well as the time shift.

The main goal of this paper is to research and analyze the problem of image reconstruction performance using machine learning methods in 3D electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) by comparing the areas inside the tank to determine the finite elements for which one of the method reconstructions is more effective. The research was conducted on 5000 simulated cases, which ranged from one to five inclusions generated for a cylindrical tank. The authors first used the elastic net learning method to perform the reconstruction and then proposed a method for testing the effectiveness of reconstruction. Based on this approach, the reconstructions obtained by each method were compared, and the areas within the object were identified. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation tests were verified on real measurements made with two types of tomographs. It was found that areas closer to the edge of the tank were more effectively reconstructed by EIT, while ECT reconstructed areas closer to the center of the tank. Extensive analysis of the inclusions makes it possible to use this measurement for energy optimization of industrial processes and biogas plant operation.

StreszczenieCelem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja wyników dwóch badań czynników ryzyka zwią-zanego z dokonywaniem przez konsumentów zakupów w internecie. Oba badania, przeprowadzone przy wykorzystaniu interaktywnego kwestionariusza ankiety, na grupie odpowiednio 493 oraz 532 respondentów, dzielił odstęp dwóch lat, dzięki czemu możliwe stało się wnioskowanie nie tylko o samej istotności możliwych czynników, kształtujących postrzeganie ryzyka, ale także o jej ewolucji w czasie. Badanie uwidoczniło z jednej strony zwiększenie zaufania wobec tego kanału dystrybucji, z drugiej natomiast ukazało wzrost znaczenia obszarów ryzyka, takich jak ochrona danych osobowych czy transport produktu.Słowa kluczowe: postrzeganie ryzyka, czynniki ryzyka, zakupy online, konsumenci WprowadzenieTransakcje dokonywane przy wykorzystaniu internetu wiążą się z szerokim zakresem zagrożeń, co może skutecznie zniechęcić konsumenta do tej formy zakupu, bądź wywrzeć istotny, negatywny wpływ na poziom jego satysfakcji zarówno z samego produktu, jak i przebiegu procesu nabywczego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badania, dotyczącego postrzegania i oceny znaczenia możliwych źródeł ryzyka, jako zmiennych kształtujących skłonność do dokonania transakcji w środowisku wirtualnym, ale również porównanie tych danych z materiałem empirycznym pozyskanym w analogicznym badaniu, prowadzonym dwa lata wcześniej. Dzięki takiemu podejściu możliwe stało się wnioskowanie odnośnie do trendów i zmian w rzeczywistości rynkowej 1 m.gasior@pollub.pl. Marcin Gąsior 72oraz przestawienie wielu wniosków, mających odniesienie do procesów biznesowych, zarówno z obszaru sprzedaży, obsługi klienta, jak i logistyki towarów. Ryzyko w procesach nabywczychKonsumencki proces podejmowania decyzji zakupowej, jak każdy proces decyzyjny, obarczony jest na ogół pewnym poziomem ryzyka, które może być definiowane jako prawdopodobieństwo negatywnych konsekwencji, wynikających z decyzji podjętej przez konsumenta, jak również jako forma niepewności, wynikająca z tego, że nabywający nie jest w stanie przewidzieć następstw podjęcia określonej decyzji zakupowej 2 lub spodziewa się straty, będącej konsekwencją nabycia i użytkowania produktu 3 . Ryzyko postrzegane przy procesach nabywczych, od momentu jego wprowadzenia przez Bauera 4 do nauki o zachowaniu konsumenta, stało się podstawowym i niezmiernie istotnym obszarem badań. Dowiedziono, że nasilenie ryzyka jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników warunkujących i kształtujących procesy nabywcze 5 , wskazano także na istnienie jego różnych źródeł, a tym samym na jego różny, możliwy charakter 6 . Wskazać tutaj można m.in.: ryzyko finansowe, dotyczące relacji między ponoszonym kosztem produktu i transakcji a pozyskiwaną wartością; ryzyko funkcjonalne, dotyczące niepewności odnośnie do tego, czy produkt będzie działał zgodnie z oczekiwaniami; ryzyko fizyczne, wyrażające potencjalne zagrożenie stwarzane przez produkt i proces jego użytkowa-nia; ryzyko psychologiczne, czyli obawę czy produkt dostarczy oczekiwanej, psychol...

Purpose:The purpose of the presented research is to evaluate whether employers' expectations and needs related to the competencies of potential employees are properly identified by educational institutions do institutions responsible for education and training know which competencies are considered significant by business, and if they do not what are the areas of potential discrepancies? Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was based on comparison between opinions of managers of companies operating in eastern Poland (381 cases), and representatives of educational institutions, universities, vocational, technical and secondary schools located in this area (389 cases). For each group, self reporting questionnaire was designed, in which participants were asked to evaluate the importance of 39 competencies from four groups: social, personal, managerial and professional. Obtained values were analysed and compared between groups using Man-Whitney's U test. Findings: During the research the hierarchies of the importance of employee competencies were established. In the opinion of managers, the most important are four personal competencies, i.e., scrupulousness, professional and work development, time management and kindness, least important, whole group of managerial competencies, but also IT skills, process management and foreign languages. The representatives of educational institutions assume that the most important is a whole set of interpersonal skills, least, those grouped in 'managerial' category. Additionally, the gap in the perception of those competencies by both groups was identified. The main differences include (1) slight overestimation of the importance of all competencies by teachers and (2) significant overestimation of the importance of most of the personal and professional competencies. Practical Implications: There are two categories of practical implications resulting from the research. First of all, it provides information for employees on expectations of potential employers, and therefore makes it possible to gain advantage on a labour market. Secondly, it may be considered as a clear roadmap for educational institutions, defining the areas of teaching processes which should be modified in order to make them more adjusted to local companies' needs and their structure of expectations. Originality/Value: In existing research related to employee competencies there was no attempt of comparison of two groups, one responsible for development, second interested in accessing those competencies and of the identification of the gap in the perception of competencies' importance between them.

The authors investigated the coronavirus pandemic as a health and safety risk factor for sustainable state development. The main purpose is to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between the key spheres of society life: economic, financial–budgetary, political-–institutional. The authors hypothesize that these spheres influence each other and that this influence becomes more obvious and important to consider during significant shifts such as health threats and transformations in the public health system. As part of the calculations, the methodology of canonical regression analysis was used, which made it possible to evaluate the influence of a set of indicators using the construction of a correlation matrix. Aggregation of the complex of development indicators for each direction was carried out, and their mutual influence and degree of importance within each group of indicators was determined. The identified interdependencies are valuable for predicting the state of various industries in the future. It was concluded that there were no significant changes between the indicators of the analyzed components of a country’s development in the pre-and post-pandemic period. This makes it possible to state with a high probability that forecasting in the long-term perspective of a country’s development is possible based on the degree of interrelationships between the indicators of individual areas of development. Forecasting can also be based on the trends occurring in a specific related field to correct the upward or downward movement of a particular indicator, and to change the functioning of the complex system under the influence of threats to public health.