The level of cereal yields and the quality of these yields depend, to a large extent, on a crop management system, the genetic potential of a given cultivar, but also on factors that may cause damage to plants or a reduction in yield. Such factors include fungal diseases of cereals, which may cause a reduction in yield by 15–20%, and in extreme cases even by 60%. The main factors determining the occurrence of these pathogens are the weather conditions during the growing season of plants, crop rotation, the previous crop, the soil tillage system, and nitrogen fertilisation. Fungal diseases of cereals limit plant growth and development, as well as reduce grain yield and quality. This paper reviews the literature on fungal diseases of cereals.
Products derived from wheat grains are an important source of protein in the daily diet of people in many parts of the world. The biological value of protein is determined by its amino acid composition and the proportions of the individual amino acids. Synthesis of these compounds in wheat grains is influenced by genetic factors, as well as habitat conditions and the agrotechnology applied in cultivation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of production technology (integrated, intensive) on the grain yield and the content amino acid profile of protein in common and durum wheat grain. Field research was conducted at the Experimental Station IUNG-PIB in Osiny (Poland) in two growing seasons. It was found that grain yield significantly depended on the weather conditions in the years of harvesting and genotype, but did not depend on the production technology. On the other hand, the protein content and their amino acid composition depended significantly on the production technology and genotype. A significantly higher content of protein substances was found in durum wheat grain. Increasing the intensity of production technology had a positive effect on the total protein content and the content of individual amino acids, both exogenous and endogenous. The amino acid limiting the biological value of protein contained in grains of both wheat species was lysine, and the deficiency of this amino acid was significantly lower in grain protein from intensive than integrated cultivation technology.
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie zmienności plonowania pszenicy ozimej uprawianej pasowo w zależności od zakresu uprawy pożniwnej oraz odmiany. Pierwszym czynnikiem był sposób uprawy roli: płużny – orka siewna średnio głęboka + uprawa pasowa połączona z siewem pszenicy (UO); uproszczony – zruszenie ścierni agregatem talerzowym + uprawa pasowa połączona z siewem pszenicy (UU); zerowy – uprawa pasowa zmulczowanej ścierni połączona z siewem pszenicy (UZ). Drugim czynnikiem były 3 odmiany: Formacja, Metronom i Desamo. Doświadczenie założono metodą split-block w 4 powtórzeniach. Odmiany istotnie różnicowały plony ziarna. Najwyższy plon uzyskano z odmiany Formacja, a najniższy z Desamo. Zakres zabiegów uprawowych poprzedzających siew pszenicy metodą strip-till miał istotny wpływ na jej plonowanie. Istotnie wyższy plon uzyskano w przypadku stosowania tej metody uprawy po wykonanej wcześniej orce.
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu uprawy pasowej na jakość ziarna wybranych odmian pszenicy ozimej w zależności od zakresu uprawy roli stosowanej w okresie pożniwnym. Czynnikiem pierwszym był sposób uprawy roli: płużny – orka siewna średnio głęboka + uprawa pasowa połączona z siewem pszenicy (UO); uproszczony – zruszenie ścierni agregatem talerzowym + uprawa pasowa połączona z siewem pszenicy (UU); zerowy – uprawa pasowa zmulczowanej ścierni połączona z siewem pszenicy (UZ). Czynnikiem drugim były 3 odmiany pszenicy ozimej: Formacja, Metronom i Desamo. Doświadczenie założono metodą split-block, w 4 powtórzeniach. Reakcja odmian na stosowane metody uprawy roli była na ogół podobna – różnice istotne stwierdzono tylko w przypadku liczby opadania. Zakres zabiegów uprawowych poprzedzających siew pszenicy metodą strip-till nie miał istotnego wpływ na badane cechy jakościowe poza masą tysiąca ziaren oraz wskaźnikiem sedymentacji. Istotnie większą wartość MTZ uzyskano w przypadku zastosowania metody strip-till po orce. Natomiast istotnie większą wartość wskaźnika sedymentacji – po zastosowaniu metody strip-till bez uprzedniej uprawy pożniwnej.
In order to function properly, every living organism must have favourable conditions for its operation, i.e. it must be systematically supplied with the necessary nutrients. On the example of selenium (Se), it can be seen how important is the right balance between providing the right amount of it, without exceeding the level above which it is toxic. The amount of Se in soil is closely correlated with its content in the parent rock; therefore, it differs depending on the soil type and may change even in a small area. Considerable dispersion of the element in the soils of Poland is related to their formation, mainly from dump materials of various glaciations. The problem of maintaining the balance between deficiency and excess of Se in the diet of humans and animals is related primarily to the uneven distribution of this element in nature. In this paper, on the basis of scientific literature, the current issues related to the deficiency and excess of Se in the soil and its possible sources are presented. The relationship between the content in the soil and the supply of Se in plants, animals and humans was also shown. The aim of this study was to summarise the state of knowledge on the complexity of Se occurrence in the environment and its importance in the soil-plant-animals-human system.
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