The Industrial Engineering Program at the School of Engineering of Lorena at the University of São Paulo has been using the Project-Based Learning (PBL) methodology in the first term of the academic year since 2013. This article describes the experience of the first four years of the use, the lessons learned, and the remaining challenges. The use of PBL has been widely recognized by the students as one of the Industrial Engineering program's differentiating features. Lessons have been learned continuously and have been subsequently incorporated to the application of the project. Much has been refined during this time frame but there is much more to be done. Some challenges persist, such as: (i) improving interaction with the course of Calculus I; (ii) enhancing peer evaluation; (iii) expanding the project coordination team, and (iv) refining tools for data collection and analysis Keywords

The iodocyclization of (Z)-tellurobutenynes 5a − g by reaction with I2/petroleum ether was studied in detail. 3-Iodotellurophenes 7a − f were formed, and optimum conditions to obtain these compounds in high yields were established. The reaction involves attack of iodide at the initially formed intermediate of type 10 followed by ring closure that is favored by the strong aromatic character of the resulting products. Two possible and alternative pathways for the ring closure are proposed to explain our observations:  (a) transformation of 10 to 11 that undergoes further cyclization to give 7a − f (pathway a) or (b) direct cyclization of 10 to give tellurophene diiodide 9 (pathway b). The products and side products obtained are in agreement with the proposed mechanisms. Formation of 7a from ditelluride 14 and iodine provides additional evidence of the intermediacy of 11 (in pathway a). Structures of 7a and 5g were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. In the case of compound 5e, where a terminal triple bond was present, the resulting intermediate of type 10 also underwent the attack of iodide directly at the terminal carbon to give compound 12 together with 7e. Ring-opening of 3-iodotellurophene 7a occurs by reaction with n-butyllithium to form acyclic ditelluride 14 or monotelluride 16 depending on the alkyllithium amounts employed. Plausible mechanisms for these novel reactions are proposed and supported. Conversion of 7a to 3-(butyltelluro)-2,5-diphenyltellurophene (22) was carried out readily by an unusual “aromatic nucleophilic substitution” using the butyl tellurolate anion.

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A osteocondrose é uma das doenças ortopédicas do desenvolvimento mais comuns em cavalos, e deve ser encarada como uma desordem multifatorial. Caracteriza-se por ser uma doença dinâmica, onde o processo de reparo inicia-se quase que imediatamente após a formação da lesão osteocondral. A intensidade e eficácia deste reparo são fortemente relacionados à idade, e estão associados a reposição dos componentes da matriz cartilagínea. Uma vez que o fator de crescimento tipo insulina-1 (IGF-1) age regulando o crescimento da cartilagem articular, este estudo objetivou descrever os níveis séricos de IGF-I, insulina e glicose em potros Puro Sangue Lusitano hígidos ou com osteocondrose, desde o nascimento até 18 meses de idade. Dos potros acompanhados, 76,08% apresentaram sinais radiográficos de osteocondrose com um mês de idade, porém somente 16,2% mantiveram as lesões aos 18 meses. As concentrações de IGF-1 alcançaram picos entre 14 e 16 meses, equivalente ao início da puberdade. As concentrações de IGF-1 nos potros com osteocondrose foram menores que potros sadios, aos 2 e 5 meses (P<0,05), e os de insulina aos 2 meses (P<0,05). Em criatórios com alta ocorrência de osteocondrose recomenda-se que as mensurações dos níveis séricos de IGF-1 e insulina ocorram durante os primeiros 6 meses de idade, para que haja tempo hábil de se estabelecer medidas profiláticas e de tratamento.