The Italian experience of being bombed has been neglected in the historiography of the Second World War, especially in English. This marginalization is not justified by the record of events; according to official estimates, Italian civilian victims of bombing numbered around 60,000. The reaction of the Italian population to air raids was carefully evaluated and discussed by the Allies, who decided to hit civilians living near industrial areas with a view to testing their psychological resistance. The article focuses on the civilians' reactions to death coming from the sky, by examining their response to both Anglo-American and Fascist propaganda, and to the experience of the raids at different stages of the war. It analyses the ways in which civilians coped with the collapse of state defences (including the creation of legends and the spreading of rumours independent of state propaganda), and the psychologically complex and shifting response to bombers who introduced themselves as liberators. The research presented is based on archival sources, particularly prefects' reports from different parts of Italy to the Ministry of Interior, on both Anglo-American and Fascist propaganda, newspaper articles, and civilians' diaries.
23 Octobre 1872 : en plusieurs points de son cours, le Pô rompt ses digues, et, à l'exception des alentours de Suzzara, engloutit toute la basse région de Mantoue, sans épargner le reste de l'Italie septentrionale. Jamais le 19e siècle ne connaîtra crue du Pô aussi catastrophique, dans une région qui se remet tout juste de celle, à peine moins désastreuse, de 1868. A deux reprises, dans les mois qui suivent, les eaux envahissent à nouveau les terres en cours d'assèchement, sinon déjà ensemencées. Dans les paroisses rurales, on accourt auprès des prêtres, on les implore d'assurer la protection du village en procédant aux rites solennels d'invocation des saints thaumaturges. Mais rien de tel dans les communes les plus importantes, où les dix dernières années avaient déjà vu la suppression des subventions conséquentes naguère allouées au culte des saints protecteurs : ces pratiques religieuses ne suscitent qu'indifférence et le recours au ciel un scepticisme général. Il n'y a guère qu'une poignée de citoyens influents pour soutenir, éventuellement de leurs deniers, les processions qui, image sacrée en tête, appellent sur chacune des paroisses la protection du ciel.
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