Modern wind parks usually consist of multiple individual turbines, which are connected to the grid using power electronic interfaces. Depending on their topology, they could be a source of distortion in the frequency range below 2 kHz (harmonics, interharmonics) and above 2 kHz (supraharmonics). Consequently, the assessment of the impact of wind parks on the voltage distortion in the network is an important issue. This paper explains some of these issues based on extensive field measurements at a recently commissioned 12 MW wind park consisting of 6 turbines with full inverter (type 4) and a rated power of 2 MW each. While the first part discusses the distortion characteristic of an individual turbine, the second part is dedicated to the wind park as a whole and its impact on the voltage distortion at the connection point. Based on the experiences from the project some recommendations for field measurements at wind parks are summarized.
The electric utility of the city of Zurich, ewz, expects the grid load to receive additional intermittent components due to distributed generation and electric vehicles. Although the distribution grid generally has reserve capacity to cope with altered and additional loading, local temporary congestions are probable-especially during peak production and peak demand. Instead of the conventional method, grid reinforcements, battery energy storage systems (BESS) have the potential to mitigate the congestion by shifting the peak loads. Therefore, the investigations in this paper comprise the utilization of BESS as grid components. Three applications of BESS in the distribution grid and their economic aspects are presented in this paper. A pilot project is planned to demonstrate the feasibility of the applications and to gain experience with BESS.
La messe à six voix qui ouvre la Vespro della Beata Vergine de Monteverdi (1610) est une messe parodie du motet In illo tempore loquente Iesu de Nicolas Gombert (1539). Les deux œuvres correspondent au type tonal g 2 -♮-C, dont la représentation modale est tout sauf évidente sur le plan émique. S’il n’y a aucune raison de supposer que Gombert ait adhéré au système des douze modes, l’adhésion à ce système est sûre et bien documentée dans le cas de Monteverdi. Face à cette différence, cet article fait trois observations majeures. 1. En aucun cas, les fughe de Monteverdi correspondent toutes aux sujets de Gombert. Ces derniers constituent plutôt une explication a posteriori des motifs retenus par Monteverdi lui-même, peut-être dans l’optique de démontrer sa capacité à écrire dans le style de la prima pratica . 2. L’éventail des points cadentiels retenus par Monteverdi est considérablement restreint, afin d’asseoir l’unité modale et de favoriser la concentration sur d’autres dispositifs techniques et expressifs. 3. Monteverdi déplace le fondement de la texture contrapuntique du ténor au bassus. Il réoriente ainsi l’ambitus polyphonique plagal du mode lydien transposé de Gombert vers un mode ionien authentique. La modalité semble donc toujours être un outil compositionnel dans la Messe de Monteverdi, bien que cet outil ne puisse pas être entièrement assimilé aux pratiques antérieures.
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