Summary1. In recent decades the botanical diversity of arable ®eld boundaries has declined drastically. To determine the most important factors related to the species composition of arable ®eld boundaries, the vegetation composition of 105 herbaceous boundaries, 1-m wide, in the central and eastern Netherlands was surveyed. Biomass samples of the boundary were taken at 0±33, 34±66 and 67±100 cm from the adjacent arable ®eld. 2. Farmers were interviewed with respect to boundary management and land use on the adjacent arable ®eld. The two data sets containing the botanical data and the environmental variables were linked and analysed by multivariate analysis and analysis of variance. 3. The nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the crop were closely correlated to another environmental variable, crop rotation. Crop rotations dominated by maize cultivation received signi®cantly higher nutrient inputs than the other rotations. 4. Nitrogen, phosphorus and crop rotation were strongly correlated with the composition of the boundary vegetation. Species richness of the boundary vegetation was negatively related to nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the crop, while total boundary biomass was negatively related to nitrogen inputs only. Furthermore, there was a signi®cant relationship between the partitioning of the boundary vegetation between dierent functional groups and both nitrogen inputs and crop rotation on the adjacent arable ®eld. No signi®cant relationships were found between the vegetation composition and either herbicide use in the boundary or boundary management. This may have been due to the descriptive approach of the study: little variation in boundary management as well as herbicide use in the boundary was observed in the study area. 5. The boundary vegetation was characterized by a peak in biomass production in the zone near the arable ®eld. In this zone the perennial arable weed Elymus repens, as well as annual dicot species, were signi®cantly more abundant, while perennial dicots and monocots were signi®cantly less abundant compared with the zones further from the arable ®eld. 6. Eorts to protect ®eld boundary vegetation need to focus on a reduction or cessation of fertilizer applications in the outer metre(s) of crops that require high nutrient inputs. The determination of the exact nature of the relationship between the vegetation composition of arable ®eld boundaries and the intuitively important management and herbicide use in the boundary requires an experimental approach.

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