A mycoplasma designated strain R171T (type strain) was isolated from the infraorbital sinus of an adult chicken. This organism was assigned to the class Mollicutes and the order Mycoplasmutales on the basis of its morphological, physical, and cultural characteristics. Its deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 24.5 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Strain R171T was sterol dependent, and since it did not produce helical forms or hydrolyze urea, it was assigned to the family Mycoplasmataceae and the genus Mycoplasma. Strain R171T fermented glucose, hydrolyzed arginine, and produced films and spots. This strain was shown to be serologically distinct from 74 currently accepted mycoplasma species or serovars by growth inhibition, immunofluorescence, and immunodiffusion tests, which were supported in some cases by metabolism inhibition tests. Thus, strain R171T appears to be a new and distinct mycoplasma s ecies, for which we propose the name Mycoplasma lipofaciens (= NCTC 10191' = ATCC 35015T).During a survey of mycoplasmosis in domestic poultry and wild birds, a number of isolates were recovered from the respiratory tracts of chickens; these isolates were apparently serologically distinct from previously recognized avian species (23). Particular interest was focussed on isolates which were biochemically similar to Mycoplasma iowae (previously avian serovar I) in having the ability to utilize both glucose and arginine but which showed no serological relationship to this group of mycoplasmas during preliminary tests.In view of the importance of mycoplasma detection to the poultry industry and of the increasing evidence of the pathogenicity of M . iowae (8,29,32,40,41), we thought that it would be worthwhile to characterize these strains further. The aims of this paper are to establish that one of these isolates, strain R171T (type strain), is a new Mycoplasma species and to provide a detailed description of the morphological, physical, cultural, biochemical, and serological properties of this organism in accordance with the recommendations of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes (22).(Preliminary results of this investigation were presented at the 3rd Conference of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology , Custer, S.D., in 1980.) MATERIALS AND METHODSMycoplasma strains. Most reference strains used in this study were obtained from the World Health OrganizatiodFood and Agriculture Organization Collaborating Centre for Animal Mycoplasmas, University of Aarhus , Denmark; exceptions were Mycoplasma sualvi, Mycoplasma faucium, Mycoplasma bovoculi, and Mycoplasma hominis reference strains, which were obtained from the National Collection of Type Cultures, London, England. Strain R171T was isolated from the infraorbital sinus of an adult chicken in 1975; the flock to which this chicken belonged was serologically positive for Mycoplasma synoviae but clinically normal.Media. For isolation and laboratory examination, strains were normally propagated in a modifi...

Following the original isolation of Mycoplasma cloacale from a turkey in Great Britain, only one further turkey isolate has been obtained whereas the mycoplasma has been recovered from 2 species of wild ducks in Britain, and from 2 breeds of domestic ducks and from domestic geese in France. A few isolations have also been made from wild and exotic birds but M. cloacale has not been found in chickens.

A mycoplasma designated strain 383T (T = type strain) was isolated from the cloaca of a turkey poult. After examination of its morphological, physical, and cultural properties this organism was assigned to the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales. The base composition of its deoxyribonucleic acid was 26.0 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Strain 383T was dependent on sterol for growth and was inhibited by digitonin, Since it gave no evidence of helical forms or of urea hydrolysis, it was assigned to the family Mycoplusmataceae, genus Mycoplasma. This organism hydrolyzed arginine and reduced triphenyltetrazolium chloride under anaerobic condifions, but other biochemical tests were negative. Strain 383T could not be identified as any of 83 currently accepted Mycoplasma species or serovars by growth inhibition, immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, or metabolism inhibition tests. Thus, this mycoplasma appears to be a new species, for which we propose the name Mycoplasma cloacale; the type strain is strain 383 (= NCTC 10199 = ATCC 35276).A series of investigations in our laboratory (17; Forrest and Bradbury, Rev. Infect. Dis. 4:S272, 1982) identified the presence in domestic poultry of mycoplasmas which are distinct from the previously recognized avian species. Two such isolates from chickens have recently been established as new Mycoplasma species (5, 9).In this paper we describe the characteristics of a third mycoplasma, strain 383T (T = type strain), which was isolated from a turkey, by using the methods recommended by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes (16) in order to establish whether an isolate represents a new mycoplasma species. MATERIALS AND METHODSMycoplasma strains. The strains studied are shown in Table 1, Strain 383T was isolated from the cloaca of a turkey poult in 1975. Reference strains of 74 currently accepted mycoplasma species or serovars were obtained from the sources described previously (5). The two new avian species, Mycoplasma lipofaciens ( 5 ) and Mycoplasma glycophilum (9), were also included, and additional species (and appropriate antisera) were obtained as follows: Media, cultivation, and purification methods. The media used to propagate most of these strains have been described previously (5). The additional species used in this study were grown in our routine medium (4). Mycoplasma faucium, Mycoplasma sualvi, and M . muris cultures were incubated anaerobically, and all other cultures were incubated in a candle jar. Attempts to grow M . fastidiosum and M . genitalium in a number of different medium formulations were unsuccessful. Strain 383T was filter-cloned three times, and this cloned culture and its antiserum was used in all tests * Corresponding author. unless otherwise indicated. A second clone was prepared from the original isolate by the same procedure.Characterization studies. Strain 383T was examined by the methods used for M . lipofaciens ( 5 ) . These included morphological studies on colonies, examination of cells ...

Eighteen isolates of Giardia duodenalis from animal and human sources were studied for protein differences by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and for antigenic differences by immunoblot analysis. The polyacrylamide gels showed that whilst the isolates were for the most part homogeneous in their protein banding patterns, some isolates did show some differences. The immunoblot analysis yielded many bands, including prominent bands of 32 and 66 kilodaltons. Five of the six isolates that showed differences in protein banding pattern also showed differences in antigenic reactivity. Our findings suggest that differences can be seen with the use of immunoblotting and that this technique is a tool that may be useful for isolate differentiation when used in conjunction with other techniques.

A mycoplasma, designated strain 486, was isolated from the oviduct of an adult chicken. On the basis of its morphological, physical and cultural characteristics the organism was assigned to the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales. The guanine plus cytosine content of its DNA was estimated to be 27.5 mol%. The organism was inhibited by digitonin and it showed a growth response to sterol, although its minimal requirement was low. It neither showed helical forms nor hydrolysed urea and was hence assigned to the family Mycoplasmataceae, genus Mycoplasma. Strain 486 fermented glucose and reduced tetrazolium under anaerobic conditions. It did not hydrolyse arginine, aesculin or arbutin, nor did it produce films and spots or digest serum. Phosphatase activity was negative or very weak, and the organism adsorbed turkey but not chicken red blood cells. Serological tests (growth inhibition, indirect fluorescent antibody, double immunodiffusion and metabolism inhibition) with 75 currently accepted Mycoplasma species or serovars failed to identify the isolate. Thus strain 486 appears to represent a new species, for which the name Mycoplasmaglycophilum is proposed. (NCTC 10194, ATCC 35277).