This study reports results from a meta-analysis of 28 correlates of pay level satisfaction involving 240 samples from 203 studies conducted over the past 35 years. Results are presented in 4 categories: primary determinants, antecedents, correlates, and outcomes of pay satisfaction. The authors controlled for pay in examining relations between correlates and pay level satisfaction, as suggested by theory and when primary studies were available to do so. The authors found support for many of the relations suggested by a theoretical model and also note some limitations in the research that has tested this model. The authors recommend changes and additions to the model and suggest additional primary research in specific areas.

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This research explores the differential effects of multifoci organizational justice perceptions on organizational citizenship behavior. Based on data collected from 217 employee—supervisor dyads, our findings clarify the bi-focal nature of distributive and procedural justice, illuminate the mono-focus of interpersonal justice, and support the premise that justice investments yield exponential behavioral responses that are sometimes mediated by the quality of the employee— supervisor relationship.

The partial-correlation approach to investigating negative affectivity (NA) is discussed, and 2 alternative latent-variable techniques are presented. The results of these 3 analytic techniques were compared using a data set consisting of NA, job satisfaction, affective commitment, role stressors, leader-member exchange, and job complexity. The findings using the partial-correlation technique supported a biasing effect of NA on relationships between the substantive variables. Alternatively, although 2 latent-variable approaches provided evidence consistent with the measurement contamination and substantive influences of NA, relationships between the predictors and outcomes were not biased by NA. Both the measurement and substantive relationships effects of NA found in this study and implications for future research on self-reports are discussed.Organizational researchers have developed and implemented statistical techniques for controlling the biasing effects of method variance. One set of these techniques involves the use of method effect variables, where there is direct measurement of the variable presumed to be responsible for the common method variance. Spector and Brannick (in press) noted that to control for some factors responsible for method variance effects, the method source variable generating the artifactual covariance can be measured and then partialed from relations among the variables of interest. However, one of the factors that complicates efforts to understand method effect variables is that they may have both methodological and substantive roles. This was recognized with social desirability by Zerbe and Paulhus (1987) and is also true for negative aftectivity (NA), which has been examined in several recent studies (e.g., George, 1992). Limitations of existing statistical approaches also complicate these efforts.This article has three specific objectives. First, we review recent research that has investigated NA using a partialcorrelation approach. Second, we discuss two latent-variable approaches that allow for the distinction between treating NA as a measurement contaminant and as a substantive

Background and aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently results from synergism between chemical and infectious liver carcinogens. Worldwide, the highest incidence of HCC is in regions endemic for the foodborne contaminant aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recently, gut microbes have been implicated in multisystemic diseases including obesity and diabetes. Here, the hypothesis that specific intestinal bacteria promote liver cancer was tested in chemical and viral transgenic mouse models. Methods Helicobacter-free C3H/HeN mice were inoculated with AFB1 and/or Helicobacter hepaticus. The incidence, multiplicity and surface area of liver tumours were quantitated at 40 weeks. Molecular pathways involved in tumourigenesis were analysed by microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry. In a separate experiment, C57BL/6 FL-N/35 mice harbouring a full-length hepatitis C virus (HCV) transgene were crossed with C3H/HeN mice and cancer rates compared between offspring with and without H hepaticus. Results Intestinal colonisation by H hepaticus was sufficient to promote aflatoxin- and HCV transgene-induced HCC. Neither bacterial translocation to the liver nor induction of hepatitis was necessary. From its preferred niche in the intestinal mucus layer, H hepaticus activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-regulated networks associated with innate and T helper 1 (Th1)-type adaptive immunity both in the lower bowel and liver. Biomarkers indicative of tumour progression included hepatocyte turnover, Wnt/β-catenin activation and oxidative injury with decreased phagocytic clearance of damaged cells. Conclusions Enteric microbiota define HCC risk in mice exposed to carcinogenic chemicals or hepatitis virus transgenes. These results have implications for human liver cancer risk assessment and prevention.