The 21st century has witnessed a growth in the importance given to the third mission of Higher Education Institutions (HEI). This third mission refers to the socioeconomic engagement with the surrounding social and business fabric, namely in the form of knowledge transfer (KT) schemes and policies. Despite its widely-recognized importance, the Cultural and Creative Sector (CCS) has remained only marginally engaged with HEI, in part due to the lack of explicit policy by public actors to bring the two types of actors together. This article seeks to explore the institutional frameworks that have been developed for knowledge transfer from HEI to the CCS in selected regions of the Atlantic Area. Towards this goal, it first analyses some of the sectoral specificities of the CCS, identifying three feature which distinguish the sector: the entrepreneurial structure and organization of CCS; the type of knowledge, innovation and motivations of firms; and their absence of connections to HEI. The article seeks then to analyze to what extent existing policy on CCS and KT policies in the regions has tackled these specificities, through a qualitative analysis of reports, policy documents, and academic analysis of the regional economies, before proposing a model for understanding KT policy in the CCS sector, which serves as a preliminary line of inquiry into the knowledge relations in the CCS. Finally, these policy concerns are related to the perceptions of CCS practitioners, attempting to understand the primary concerns of these actors according to their regional context. The article highlights the existing disconnect between public policy, the current state of understanding of the CCS and the industry actors, urging for greater research and policy-development to promote innovation and socioeconomic growth.
Creative tourism is starting in Portugal as a labelled and structured alternative aiming to produce a boosting effect in peripheral areas. By linking places, host communities and tourists in the cocreation of differentiated experiences, this tourism offer challenges destinations and communities to be creative and reinvent themselves as placemaking agents in the coproduction of territorial amenities. As such, creative tourism can be a useful tool to complement placemaking strategies in peripheral areas, once it has the ability to engage local communities and generate territorial benefits. This hypothesis is explored through a case study and preliminary findings, obtained through focus group, in-depth interviews and content analysis, show the advantages of planned placemaking strategies for the territorial promotion. The comparisons in terms of intervention focus by types of entities and placemaking strategies confirm the complexity of these dynamics, pointing relevant factors used to mobilize local tangible and intangible resources.
Over the last decades, tourism has experienced exponential growth, expansion and diversification, being considered one of the most important socioeconomic sectors, an essential source of income and employment for many territories (e.g. Bellini et al. 2017; Romão and Nijkamp 2017; Weidenfeld 2018). In response to the concerns about the negative impacts of tourism and to improve the relationship between hosts and tourists, culture-based creativity is seen as a path to create competitive advantages and improve more sustainable practices in the tourism field.
Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objectivo reflectir sobre o papel dos actores sociais num processo de planeamento estratégico territorial e as regras de participação, de deliberação e de distribuição de poder que lhe estão associadas. Analisa-se a relação e o papel fundamental da prospectiva no planeamento estratégico participativo, a nível territorial. Defende-se que a prospectiva é uma reflexão à apreensão dos fenómenos estruturantes da realidade complexa e instável, que capacita os actores para formas de intervenção mais eficazes, seja antecipando seja inflectindo algumas das principais tendências de desenvolvimento. Tendo como ponto de partida a complexidade crescente da gestão do território, as transformações sociais e o clima de incerteza, considera-se o planeamento estratégico territorial e a abordagem prospectiva como duas faces da mesma moeda. As metodologias de prospectiva têm um papel fundamental não só ao nível do planeamento estratégico e participado, como ainda na construção de uma democracia participativa. Privilegia-se a importância da motivação para a participação no contexto da democracia participativa, não por uma questão ideológica, mas como uma exigência do próprio processo de planeamento: a efectivação do plano depende da implicação e contribuição voluntária dos actores bem como da mobilização dos recursos de que dispõem para concretizar a acção. Procura-se ainda analisar e discutir os diversos papéis dos protagonistas de um jogo estratégico de actores, a forma como os actores regulam as suas relações, as regras que estabelecem para enfrentarem, segundo as suas próprias lógicas, os conflitos em que estão envolvidos e as incoerências que engendram. Tendo em conta a importância da coesão interna, mobilização e implicação colectiva, dá-se uma atenção particular ao papel de dois actores cruciais em todo o processo: o actor/cliente e o investigador/ I cientista/ analista. 1 Este texto tem por base a dissertação de doutoramento Prospectiva: planeamento estratégico num contexto de desenvolvimento regional (Perestrelo, 2005). É o resultado de um percurso, de um acumular de experiências académicas e profissionais, da participação em diversos projectos de investigação no Dinâmia e CE'!� da interdisciplinaridade e reflexão colectiva intrínseca às metodologias de prospectiva.
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