Controversies related to the concept and practice of responsible authorship and its misuse have been among the most prominent issues discussed in the recent literature on research integrity. Therefore, this paper aims to address the factors that lead to two major types of unethical authorship, namely, honorary and ghost authorship. It also highlights negative consequences of authorship misuse and provides a critical analysis of different authorship guidelines, including a recent debate on the amendments of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship definition. Empirical studies revealed that honorary authorship was the most prevalent deviation from the responsible authorship standards. Three different modalities of honorary authorship were distinguished: gift authorship, guest authorship, and coercive authorship. Prevalence of authorship misuse worldwide and in Europe was alarmingly high, covering approximately one third of all scientific publications. No significant differences were reported in authorship misuse between different health research disciplines. The studies conducted in North America highlighted the most effective means to cope with unethical authorship. These were training in publishing ethics, clear authorship policies developed by medical schools, and explicit compliance with the authorship criteria required by the medical journals. In conclusion, more empirical research is needed to raise awareness of the high prevalence of authorship misuse among scientists. Research integrity training courses, including publication ethics and authorship issues should be integrated into the curricula for students and young researchers in medical schools. Last but not least, further discussion on responsible authorship criteria and practice should be initiated.
Aim: This article explores moral disagreements between nurses and physicians; specifically, we aim to analyse professional nurses' practice in navigating these conflicts.Background: Nurses face morally challenging situations while caring for patients when their views on treatments and care may contradict those of physicians. It is important that nurses represent patients' perspectives and are partners in the care decision-making process.Evaluation: A narrative review was conducted by including peer-reviewed articles in English. A literature search was conducted using the Web of Science database and
Plagiarism and other transgressions of the norms of academic integrity appear to be a persistent problem among upper secondary students. Numerous surveys have revealed high levels of infringement of what appear to be clearly stated rules. Less attention has been given to students’ understanding of academic integrity, and to the potential misconceptions and false beliefs that may make it difficult for them to comply with existing rules and handle complex real-life situations.In this paper we report findings from a survey of European upper secondary students’ views on issues relating to academic integrity. We relate these findings to the students’ training about academic integrity, self-reported level of questionable behavior and country of study.A total of 1654 students at 51 institutions located in 6 European countries participated in the study. The participants generally believed they had a good understanding of the rules applying to them and knew how to behave in compliance with norms of academic integrity. The results indicate, however, that often, in practice, this belief was mistaken. Many students had an inadequate understanding of core elements of academic integrity. They were uncertain about how to act, and they struggled in the handling of complex situations that require context-sensitive judgement. While some differences between countries were identified, they were modest and exhibited no clear pattern. Our results also suggest that reducing students’ level of uncertainty and, to a lesser degree, improving their level of knowledge could lead them to engage less in certain types of questionable behaviours. Surprisingly, the effect of academic training is modest and ambiguous. The study also confirms that perception of peer behaviour has the strongest association with student engagement in questionable behaviours. Thus, academic integrity at the upper secondary level cannot be explained simply in terms of individual ethics or knowledge.
Veganiška mityba vis labiau populiarėja pasaulyje, vis daugiau žmonių renkasi būtent tokį mitybos būdą. Pagrindinės priežastys, lemiančios vegetarų ir veganų skaičiaus didėjimą, yra susirūpinimas sveikata, etinėmis, aplinkos ir socialinėmis problemomis. Lietuvoje nėra tiksliai žinoma, kiek žmonių maitinasi veganiškai, tačiau žvelgiant į bendras tendencijas pasaulyje ir Europoje galima teigti, kad Lietuvoje veganų paplitimas tiek tarp suaugusiųjų, tiek tarp nepilnamečių turėtų didėti. Aktualu atkreipti dėmesį į veganiškos mitybos įtaką nepilnamečių sveikatai, analizuoti etines priežastis, lėmusias tokį mitybos pasirinkimą, įvertinti artimųjų bei valstybės įtaką minėtam pasirinkimui. Tyrimo tikslas − nustatyti pagrindinius nepilnamečių veganinės mitybos pasirinkimo etinius aspektus. Metodai. Kokybinis tyrimas. Tyrimo metodu buvo pasirinkta anoniminė apklausa, iš dalies struktūrizuotas interviu. Interviu klausimų sudarymas paremtas klausimų suskirstymu į 4 kategorijas. Tyrimo imtis – 6 informantai. Rezultatai ir išvados. Kokybinis tyrimas parodė, kad dažniausiai veganiška mityba suvokiama kaip gyvūninės kilmės produktų nevartojimas. Veganiškas gyvenimo būdas – ne tik kaip veganiška mityba, bet ir kaip veganiškų produktų naudojimas, odinių drabužių ir batų dėvėjimo atsisakymas. Buvo įvardinta teigiama (daugiau energijos, lengvumo pojūtis, prisidėjimas prie sveikesnių mitybos įpročių, kt.) ir neigiama (virškinamojo trakto, odos problemos) veganizmo įtaka žmogaus sveikatai. Dažniausiai paminėti vitaminai, kurių gali trūkti maitinantis veganiškai – vitaminas B12 ir vitaminas D. Vidinės priežastys buvo svarbiausios, pereinant prie veganiškos mitybos, dažniausia priežastis – susirūpinimas gyvūnų gerove. Be to, dažnai tėvai neleidžia vaikams pasirinkti mitybos būdo, taip pažeisdami jų autonomiją. Paaiškėjo, kad daugelio informančių ugdymo įstaigose nesudarytos sąlygos maitintis veganiškai.
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