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Abstract. Mineralization of various degrees was found in the brains of 79 (59%) of 134 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). There was no age dependency in the incidence or severity, nor were there any abnormalities in growth, weight gain, or neurologic signs, although a slight sex difference was observed. The lesions, which were basophilic and intensely positive for periodic acid-Schiff or von Kossa stain, occurred in the vascular walls of the globus pallidus in two types: globoid bodies with prominent concentric lamellar structures in and around the arteriolar and venular wall (type A) and fine granules in the media of small or medium-sized arteries (type B). Electron microscopic examination revealed dense deposits in the degenerated media of small or mediumsized arteries or the thickened walls of the arterioles. X-ray microanalysis demonstrated the presence of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, magnesium, and aluminum.Key words: Cynomolgus monkeys; globus pallidus; Macaca fascicularis; vascular mineralization.In the elderly human, a mild degree of mineralization without any clinical signs is common in and around the vessel wall of the globus pallidus.2.'0-16.2' This type of severe pallidal mineralization has been observed in various disease c~nditions.~.~.~J~.~~J~.~' Vascular mineralization has also been described in the thalamus of aged mice, with the prevalence and severity reported to be dependent on mouse strains and aging.8s22.24 In monkeys, there have been few reports on the occurrence of cerebral mineralization nor have detailed morphological or histochemical studies been reported. The pathogenesis is not clear in any animal species. In routine necropsies on monkeys, we found varying degrees of mineralization in the globus pallidus of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The present paper compares light and electron microscopic findings in the monkeys with those observed in humans and mice. Materials and MethodsSixty-one male and 73 female cynomolgus monkeys that were born in the laboratory or imported from the Philippines were necropsied at 3-1 8 years of age. Monkeys were housed individually or in male/female pairs in stainless steel cages in a relatively isolated room maintained at a temperature of approximately 25 C. They were maintained according to specified guidelines6 and given a commercial primate diet (Purina Monkey Chow, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, MO), apples, bananas, and oranges. Water was freely provided with an automatic watering system. Samples of brains and other organs were taken from the euthanatized monkeys. After formalin fixation, the brain was sliced coronally into 5-mm-thick sections, and some sections were subjected to soft X-ray micrography. Tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and paraffin sections were made. Sections were prepared from various levels of the cerebral cortex, Ammon's horn, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, thalamus, pons, and medulla oblongata and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff(PAS), alcian blue, von Kossa...

The aim of this study was to monitor changes in bone density and bone quality (microarchitecture) in the femoral epiphyseal region in rats with bone loss induced by oestrogen deficiency and accelerated by mineral deficiency. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 16 per group): Group 1, sham-operated rats on a normal diet; Group 2, ovariectomised rats on a normal diet; and Group 3, ovariectomised rats on a mineraldeficient diet. Observations were conducted 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after the operation (sham or ovariectomy), while the rats were on their respective diets. Microscopic computed tomography of the femoral epiphyseal region was used to generate 3-dimensional bone density distribution maps, and to compute bone density values. Densities of cortical and cancellous bone in Groups 2 and 3 were significantly less than densities in Group 1, and densities in Group 3 were significantly less than densities in Group 2 at nearly every post-operative time interval.This study demonstrated that: a) ovariectomy in rats induces bone loss; b) a mineral-deficient diet accelerates bone loss that has been induced by oestrogen deficiency; and c) 3-dimensional bone density distribution maps may be useful in diagnosing osteoporosis and other diseases causing bone loss. Microscopic computed tomography is a powerful analytical tool for measuring spatial variations in bone density, and temporal changes in the patterns of 3-dimensional bone density distribution maps.

The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in bones quality between newly formed bone and cortical bone formed around titanium alloy implants by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a result of narrow scan measurement at 4 weeks, the newly formed bone of C1s, P2p, O1s, and Ca2p were observed at a different peak range and strength compared with a cortical bone. At 8 weeks, the peak range and strength of newly formed bone were similar to those of cortical bone at C1s, P2p, and Ca2p, but not O1s. The results from this analysis indicate that the peaks and quantities of each element of newly formed bone were similar to those of cortical bone at 8 weeks, suggestive of a strong physicochemical resemblance.

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