Introduction and ObjectiveDiabetes is characterized by chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, increased risk of infections and early cardiovascular disease. By releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophils kill bacteria and exert pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activities. Increased NETosis has been found in cross-sectional studies including treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this study, we determined whether the ability of neutrophils to form NETs differs in diabetic patients pre- and post-hyperglycemic control versus healthy donors (HD), and the relationship between NETosis with pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory biomarkers and thrombotic clinical events.MethodsDiabetic patients recently diagnosed and after 6 and 12 months of treatment (N = 25) and HD (N = 25) were included. NET formation was studied by microscopy and fluorometry. Nucleosomes, HNE-DNA complexes, von Willebrand factor (vWF), IL6 and TNFα plasma levels were measured by ELISA and P-selectin on the platelet surface was assessed by cytometry.ResultsBasal levels of NETs in recently diagnosed T2DM patients were higher compared to HD. While TNFα stimulation of control neutrophils resulted in DNA release, patient neutrophils were not responsive. Although glycemia decreased after 6 months of metformin treatment, basal and TNFα and PMA-stimulated NETs reached normal values after 12 months. Compared to controls, nucleosomes, HNE-DNA complexes, IL-6 and TNFα levels were increased in recently diagnosed patients and decreased after 12 months of treatment. P-selectin and vWF levels were similar in both populations.ConclusionOur data suggest that NETs could represent a biomarker for T2DM. Increased NETosis in T2DM patients does not appear to be the consequence of impaired glycemic control but rather due to pro-inflammatory cytokines and is not related to thrombotic events.

To evaluate Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) serum and mononuclear leucocyte mRNA levels, also rs16944 (−511C/T) genotype, in relation to hyperglycemic normalization in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, we recruited 30 individuals recently T2D diagnosed with hyperglycemia studied at basal time and after 6 and 12 months of the normalization treatment. At basal time, the T polymorphic allele of the rs16944 was associated with lower IL-1β mRNA expression (p = 0.006); and higher glucose level was positive correlated to IL-1β protein levels (p = 0.015). After treatment, the individuals showed a significant decrease in glucose level (p = 0.003), but they did not express significant changes in the IL-1β serum levels. Surprisingly, we observed that the greater decreases in glucose level were associated to increased IL-1β serum levels (p = 0.040). This is the first follow-up study evaluating IL-1β mRNA expression and serum levels in hyperglycemic T2D individuals and after glycemic normalization treatment. The current results contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between inflammation and glucose metabolism in T2D.

The greatest difficulties in complying with the indicated treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus are found in food, physical activity and regular monitoring glycemic. The cost of care for people with type 2 diabetes is three to five times higher than in those without. An unfavorable economic situation in the patient results in a reduction in health spending of households and the existence of more vulnerable households. The overall aim of our study was to determine the levels of adherence to treatment and metabolic control in adults with diabetes who visited the endocrinology section of the UOM belonging to Vicente Lopez during the second half of 2013.Specific objectives: a population described and the degree of adhesion factors such as diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, medication and smoking; the degree of compliance with the recommendations given by health professionals described; adherence was associated metabolic control as individualized goals; the relationship between different variables and adhesion characteristics are analyzed; pocket spending on health and health costs of patients and the household to which they belong analyzed. Descriptive transversal study was performed, using 176 anonymous surveys structured by self-reference. The study showed that 52% of the sample met the goals of glycemic control. The lowest adherence rates were for physical activity, blood glucose monitoring and diet. The scale average for all the types of adhesion was 4.5 corresponding to a 64.28%. Significant differences between glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control targets were observed. Association between dietary adherence and age, blood glucose monitoring and medication. Negative association between the number of individuals living in the home and the percentage of budget spent on the disease was found. Relationship between the proportion of pocket health spending and the acquisition of a subsidy was found.The lack of patient adherence may be considered a constant threat to the health and welfare of it.Have valid and reliable measures for patients with diabetes in the context of scientific and social support, will identify the figures that the patient considers support it, so that it's potential to improve adherence and response to treatment of the disease.

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Introduction: There is evidence about the close relationship between chronic non-communicable diseases, eating habits and physical activity. Based on the results of the 4th National Survey of Risk Factors (ENFR), an island territory in the province of Buenos Aires was sought where it was assumed that the way of life could have a positive influence. Objectives: to analyze the frequency of habits, the frequency of chronic pathologies and the relationship between them; assuming that a lifestyle away from the big cities would lead to healthier habits, and with it, better health indicators. Material and methods: Prevalence study. A house-to-house survey of 42 homes on Santiago Island, where a survey and physical examination were applied, which included: anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and capillary blood glucose. Results: Most of the dwellings (71.4%) had fruit trees or orchards in their homes at the time of data collection. However, when making the comparison with the 4th ENFR, the results showed that it was a population in which physical inactivity, poor diet and problematic consumption of alcohol and tobacco exceeded the national average. Chronic diseases resulted in a trend similar to the national one. Conclusions: Although accessibility to resources should be considered an important element, this characteristic is added to87 others due to associated factors such as sociocultural, advertising and aspects of health education. The importance of working deeply on population habits is highlighted, as well as emphasizing the need to implement efficient educational programs with a local perspective. Key words: Cardiovascular risk factors; chronic non-communicable diseases; nutritional habits.