Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a pathological condition of women of controversial etiology, but with significant physical and psychological consequences due to the occurrence of menopause at the age of 30-40 years. Osteoporosis is thus a major consequence of POF that should be diagnosed early and monitored over time, taking into account the risks of fracture in early menopause. Bone mass density assessment by DXA and bone turnover markers are the diagnostic and osteoporosis monitoring methods in premature ovarian failure.

In the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis, there are general systemic factors which play a major role, such as osteoporosis, with menopause as the most common etiological factor, and other pathological determining conditions for osteoporosis as well (ovary, thyroid and malignant tumors). The aim of the present study was to assess the correlations between periodontal indices and osteoporosis. The study was performed on 35 patients with periodontal disease aged between 45 and 79 years. These patients were divided into two groups: a study group with osteoporosis and periodontal disease (n=25) and a control group with periodontal disease (n=10) only. The periodontal assessment included community periodontal index (CPI), gingival inflammation index (GI), plaque index (PI), body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), tooth mobility and tooth loss. Osteoporosis was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results were statistically analyzed with Microsoft Excel software and XLSTAT. The results showed that patients in the study group had higher values of periodontal indices, and a highly significant inverse correlation was observed between the CPI and the tooth loss. Inverse correlations between BMI and tooth mobility, as well as BMI and CPI were determined for the study group. In conclusion, the positive association between BMD and GI shows that the gingival index can be a predictive factor in the occurrence of osteoporosis.

This chapter is dedicated to the main renal anomalies detectable by ultrasound. Anomalies of the lower urinary tract will be addressed in a separate chapter. The anomalies presented are renal agenesis, renal development variants, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, multicystic dysplastic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, obstructive cystic dysplasia, pelvis dilatation, renal tumors, and nonchromosomal syndromes associated with renal anomalies. All chapters are structured similar into definition, incidence, pathology, ultrasound findings, differential diagnosis, and clinical facts.

The vascular architecture of the human liver is established at the end of the 10th week of gestation as a result of a complex process. Recent developments in ultrasonographic imaging facilitate the prenatal evaluation of this system. However, many of the involved mechanisms are poorly understood. The hepatic primordium is in contact with the vitelline veins and the umbilical veins, and by the end of the 6th week, the afferent venous system of the liver is acquired giving rise to the portal vein, the portal sinus, and the ductus venosus. The only afferent vein of the liver that remains open at birth is the portal vein. Also, the efferent venous system of the liver is formed and emerges from the vitelline veins.