Purpose An analysis of the images in music education textbooks for primary education has shown how the images do not fully reflect the human diversity present in the classroom and, therefore, continue to perpetuate positions that can lead to racism. The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the images to carried out has demonstrated how little progress has been made in the representation of diversity and how, in the 21st century, stereotypes continue to persist in the representation of cultural diversity. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative and qualitative data collected after analysing more than 2,600 images have shown that despite the considerable increase in the use of images in music textbooks, typical clichés about what instruments are played in the world and how those who play them are represented are still present. Findings The results also show how the images reflect the migratory flows experienced in each country. All of this has led to important conclusions, among which the importance of human diversity in images for students to normalise cultural diversity from and with musical educational materials should be highlighted. Research limitations/implications The analysis of the 2,686 images showed how the use of the human figure has evolved up to the last educational reform. Firstly, the analysis of images focused on the evolution (year) of the presence of diversity (ethnicity) in the musical groupings represented (orchestra, band, choir, soloist or chamber group), as well as the evolution with respect to the type of instrument represented. Practical implications With the aim of analysing the evolution in the representation of diversity in music textbooks, the authors searched the most important publishing houses in Spain. To analyse the evolution of the visual depiction of diversity in music education textbooks in light of legislative and social changes related to race, the authors constructed several variables under the category labelled “Ethnicity”. Social implications The images analysed, especially those included under the Organic General Law on the Educational System of 4 October 1990 and the Organic Law 2/2006 on Education of 3 May, tended to pair certain instruments with people with physical characteristics associated with particular ethnic profiles. In terms of musical activities, the main results can be summarised as follows: although the completely homogenous depiction of White Europeans in musical activities has given way to modestly more diverse representation, images of composition are still dominated by this group. Originality/value The authors’ analysis has led to the following conclusions, which demonstrate the need to continue the progress seen in the past several decades. The representation of human diversity in music textbooks can be considered a reality, not only in terms of the instruments with which they are represented but also in terms of their representation in other situations depicted in these textbooks. The progressive increase of images in music textbooks reflects the culturally diverse society of the national territory. However, the increase in this representation is not as considerable as might be expected. The typified representation of instruments associated with certain physical characteristics is starting to wane.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis detallado de los diferentes cambios legislativos desde que se comenzó a hablar de la “Atención a la diversidad” en el sistema educativo en España. Método. Este estudio se ha centrado en analizar el proceso de reforma legal que se ha seguido a lo largo de los años, y ha intentado enfatizar el vacío legal que se viene sufriendo desde una intervención educativa de la diversidad, en todas las posibilidades comprendidas y especificadas en la legislación vigente. Resultados y discusión. Este análisis reflexivo detallado ha permitido mostrar cómo estos cambios no han sido ni numerosos ni significativos para el desarrollo de un currículo escolar atento y cuidadoso con la diversidad. Sin embargo, éstos sí han permitido una sensibilización mayor de la sociedad, tanto a nivel educativo como social, sobre todo en cuanto a la clarificación de qué alumnado está incluido dentro de este grupo al que se debe atender con especial atención. Se ha llegado a la conclusión de que, realmente, esas medidas de atención a la diversidad que ha ido introduciendo cada reforma legislativa, deberían concretarse y reelaborarse periódicamente (más allá de las reformas de contenidos más específicas), puesto que la sociedad evoluciona y sus necesidades y problemáticas, también.

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This study describes and analyses a practical-formative experience session focusing on the identification and management of emotions with university students. The aim was to design, apply, and assess the proposal (emotions in musical and artistic pieces as well as their corporal expression) and give university students the tools to carry out similar sessions in their future teaching practice. The practice was valued by the students as useful, innovative and satisfactory. Pre-service teachers should be made aware of these types of sessions and taught how to deliver them in their future teaching roles.

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