The phylogeny of Chloridoideae (Gramineae) was inferred from parsimony analyses of DNA sequences from two genomes-the chloroplast trnL intron, trnL 3Ј exon, and trnL-F intergenic spacer, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 ϩ 5.8S ϩ ITS2). Eighty species representing 66 chloridoid genera were sampled, including all but four of the native New World genera. Analyses of the individual and combined data sets were performed. The phylogenies were found to be highly congruent. Of the four tribes and seven subtribes of Chloridoideae sensu Clayton and Renvoize (1986) whose phylogenetic status could be tested with our taxon sample, only Orcuttieae and Uniolinae were monophyletic. The phylogenies suggested significant homoplasy in morphological traits, including inflorescence type, number of florets per spikelet, and number of lemma nerves. We propose a new classification based on the three main clades in the phylogenies-tribes Cynodonteae, Eragrostideae, and Zoysieae. The Eragrostideae clade is well resolved and supported and is further divided into three subtribes, Cotteinae, Eragrostidinae, and Uniolinae. Cynodonteae include most of the genera in our study, but the clade is poorly resolved. However, a clade formed of Muhlenbergia and nine other genera is present in both phylogenies and is well resolved and supported. A number of interesting, well-supported relationships are evident in the phylogenies, including Pappophorum-Tridens flavus, Tragus-Willkommia, and Gouinia-Tridens muticus-Triplasis-Vaseyochloa. Except for Bouteloua, no genus represented by multiple species proved to be monophyletic in the phylogenies.
ResumenAguascalientes es uno de los estados más pequeños de México, sin embargo, presenta un interesante mosaico de comunidades vegetales que no se habían estudiado en forma detallada. Por ello, se llevó a cabo el estudio de la vegetación del estado de Aguascalientes, con una exploración de campo detallada abarcando todas las comunidades vegetales del Estado y utilizando técnicas de análisis visual de imágenes de satélite y herramientas SIG. El presente trabajo, pretende mostrar un panorama general de la vegetación del estado de Aguascalientes, indicando los porcentajes de área cubierta de cada formación vegetal por su afinidad climática (templado, subtropical y xerófilo), así como dar a conocer su situación actual y sus expectativas de conservación. Se determinaron 12 tipos de vegetación con 15 subtipos locales y 50 asociaciones vegetales. La vegetación templada es la más ampliamente distribuida, ocupando 30.48 % de la superficie total de Aguascalientes; le sigue la vegetación xerófila, con 21.52 % y por último la vegetación subtropical ocupando solo 6.58 % de la superficie total del Estado. La vegetación hidrófila solo se mantiene en algunos reservorios permanentes como presas o arroyos, ocupando 0.37 % de la superficie de Aguascalientes. Se observa que la zona más alterada del Estado es la parte subtropical, principalmente las comunidades secundarias de matorral subtropical, mientras que la más conservada son los pastizales templados, especialmente el pastizal de montaña, el cual se mantiene como comunidad primaria muy bien conservada. Palabras clave: Tipos de Vegetación, bosques templados, matorrales semiáridos Current status of the vegetation of Aguascalientes, Mexico AbstractAguascalientes is one of the smallest states of Mexico. However, it displays an interesting mosaic of plant communities that have not been studied deeply before. Therefore, it was carried out a study of the vegetation of Aguascalientes, with a deep field exploration embracing all plant communities of Aguascalientes and utilizing image satellite visual analysis techniques and SIG tools. The current paper tries to show a general view of the Aguascalientes vegetation, indicating the percentages of the covered area of each vegetal formation by its climatic affinity (temperate, subtropical and xerophytic). Also, it pursues to present the current situation of the vegetation and its conservation expectations. Twelve vegetation types with 15 local subtypes and 50 plant associations were recorded. The temperate communities were the most widely distributed, with a 30.48 % of covered surface; xerophytic vegetation follows with a 21.52 % of covered surface; finally the subtropical vegetation occupies the 6.58 % of the state. Hydrophytic vegetation is only present in permanent reservoirs as dams or streams, and it covers only 0.37 % of the state surface. The most disturbed area in the state is the subtropical zone, specially the subtropical shrub communities, while the most conserved is the temperate grasslands, specially the mountain grasslands, m...
Background: The Amaranthaceae family has a cosmopolitan geographic distribution, with 174 genera and about 2,050 to 2,500 species is the most diverse family within the order Caryophyllales, and includes about 50 % of species of eudicotiledóneas with C 4 photosynthesis. Its species live mainly in arid environments, saline habitats and areas of disturbance, many are common weeds. Questions: How many species of Amaranthaceae family are present in the state of Aguascalientes and where distributed? Species studied: Species of Amaranthaceae family present in the state of Aguascalientes. Study site and dates: Aguascalientes, Mexico. From September 2012 to August 2014. Methodology: Specimens were collected in the field and were identified using especialized literature. Material was revised in various national herbaria. distribution maps were drawn. Results: In the study area this family is represented by 11 genera and 29 species, eight of these are new records for the state of Aguascalientes and one for Mexico, eighteen are reported as weeds and six are introduced species and naturalized in the state. The genera with more species are Amaranthus and Iresine, with five and six species respectively. Conclusions: This work expands our understanding of plant resources present in Aguascalientes, as well as the distribution and wealth of the Amaranthaceae family in Mexico. Key words: Aguascalientes, Amaranthaceae. Riqueza y Distribución de la familia Amaranthaceae en el Estado de Aguascalientes, México ResumenAntecedentes: La familia Amaranthaceae tiene una distribución geográfica cosmopolita, con 174 géneros y alrededor de 2,050 a 2,500 especies y es la familia más diversa dentro del orden Caryophyllales, además de incluir cerca del 50 % de especies de eudicotiledóneas con fotosíntesis C 4 . Sus especies habitan principalmente en ambientes áridos, hábitats salinos y áreas con disturbio, muchas son malezas comunes. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas especies de la familia Amaranthaceae están presentes en el estado de Aguascalientes y dónde se distribuyen? Especies estudiadas: Especies de la familia Amaranthaceae presentes en el estado de Aguascalientes. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Aguascalientes, México. De septiembre del 2012 a agosto del 2014. Metodología: Se colectaron ejemplares en campo y se identificaron utilizando bibliografía especializada. Se revisó material en diferentes herbarios nacionales. Se elaboraron mapas de distribución. Resultados: En el área de estudio esta familia está representada por 11 géneros y 29 especies, ocho de éstas son nuevos registros para el estado de Aguascalientes y una para México, dieciocho son reportadas como malezas y seis son especies introducidas y naturalizadas en la entidad. Los géneros con mayor nú-mero de especies son Amaranthus e Iresine, con cinco y seis especies respectivamente. Conclusiones: El presente trabajo amplía el conocimiento de los recursos vegetales presentes en Aguascalientes, así como la riqueza y distribución de la familia Amaranthaceae en México. Palabras clave: Aguascalie...
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