Some effects of vacuum polarization in QED due to the presence of field sources are investigated. We focus on effects with no counter-part in Maxwell electrodynamics. The the Uehling interaction energy between two stationary point-like charges is calculated exactly in terms of Meijer-G functions. Effects induced on a hydrogen atom by the vacuum polarization in the vicinity of a Dirac string are considered. We also calculate the interaction between two parallel Dirac strings and corrections to the energy levels of a quantum particle constrained to move on a ring circumventing a solenoid.
Este trabalho é um relato da aplicação de um experimento com o objetivo buscar um recurso pedagógico que fosse ao mesmo tempo simples e lúdico mais que fosse capaz de transmitir conceitos físicos que estão por trás da astronomia às crianças que estão iniciando o ciclo básico de ensino de forma a promover a participação ativa delas. O trabalho descreve na forma de relato, uma atividade em sala de aula na qual foi realizada uma experiência sobre a decomposição da luz branca e o papel de um espectroscópio para crianças da primeira série do ciclo básico I. O experimento foi construído com material muito simples e de baixo custo com o objetivo de permitir que os alunos pudessem refazê-los em outra ocasião. A pesquisa desenvolvida nessa atividade buscou investigar como as crianças se portam diante da realização de atividades experimentais em termos de participação, envolvimento, motivação e obter dados relativos ao conhecimento prévio que possuíam sobre astronomia. Assim, o trabalho trouxe elementos para refletir a viabilidade e a importância de abordar conhecimentos de física nas séries iniciais do ciclo básico. Verificou-se que o nível de aprendizado foi satisfatório e que o uso de um experimento foi uma importante ferramenta de auxílio para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
A platinum electrode (Pt) was coated with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) by electrochemical polymerization using chronopotentiometry. Electropolymerization of polyaniline nanowires doped with camphorsulfonic acid (PANI:CSA) was further performed on the surface of the Pt-PHEMA electrode by cyclic voltammetry. The coated Pt-PHEMA-PANI:CSA electrode was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to EIS, the Pt-PHEMA electrode exhibits a charge transport resistance (R ct) of 169.19 kΩ. The EIS analysis of Pt-PHEMA-PANI:CSA electrode reveals a less resistive character (R ct =1.28 Ω) than the observed for the Pt electrode coated with PANI:CSA (R ct =0.47 kΩ). As demonstrated by SEM, the Pt-PHEMA-PANI:CSA electrode has a high surface area due to the PANI:CSA nanowires embedded in Pt-PHEMA. The biocompatibility of PHEMA, allied to the electrochemical characteristics of PANI:CSA, could be useful to the development of implantable electrodes for biomedical applications.
A platinum electrode (Pt) was coated with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) by electrochemical polymerization using chronopotentiometry. Electropolymerization of polyaniline nanowires doped with camphorsulfonic acid (PANI:CSA) was further performed on the surface of the Pt-PHEMA electrode by cyclic voltammetry. The coated Pt-PHEMA-PANI:CSA electrode was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to EIS, the Pt-PHEMA electrode exhibits a charge transport resistance (R ct ) of 169.19 kΩ. The EIS analysis of Pt-PHEMA-PANI:CSA electrode reveals a less resistive character (R ct =1.28 Ω) than the observed for the Pt electrode coated with PANI:CSA (R ct =0.47 kΩ). As demonstrated by SEM, the Pt-PHEMA-PANI:CSA electrode has a high surface area due to the PANI:CSA nanowires embedded in Pt-PHEMA. The biocompatibility of PHEMA, allied to the electrochemical characteristics of PANI:CSA, could be useful to the development of implantable electrodes for biomedical applications.
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