The German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT) is a longitudinal and nationwide study to assess changes in food consumption and nutrient intake in Germany. A sample of 1840 participants (baseline age: 14-80 years) was drawn from the nationally representative German National Nutrition Survey (NVS) II (2005II ( -2007. The participants have been interviewed by telephone annually since 2008. Food consumption was assessed by two 24-h recalls in the NVS II and the 4 years of NEMONIT (2008-2012/2013), respectively. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using the German Nutrient Database 3.02. Diet quality was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index-NVS (HEI-NVS) II. Time trends were analysed by generalised estimating equation. Consumption of fruit/fruit products and fruit juice/nectar among men and women decreased, whereas consumption of water, soft drinks and coffee/tea increased over the 6-year period. Furthermore, increased consumption of confectionery and animal fats was observed among women. HEI-NVS II did not change since NVS II in both sexes. There were no changes in energy and protein intakes, but carbohydrate intake declined while fat intake increased over time. Regarding micronutrients, a decreasing intake of thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B 6 was observed in both sexes, but intake of Mg, Fe and niacin increased among women over time.In conclusion, food consumption and nutrient intake remained relatively stable between 2005-2007 and 2012/2013 within this German cohort. A few favourable and unfavourable changes were observed. Compared with national dietary guidelines, consumption of food of plant origin remained too low and consumption of meat/meat products remained too high in Germany.

The objective was to examine longitudinal 4-year-relationships between neighbourhood social environment and children’s body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) taking into account the built environment. Furthermore, we have analysed the influence of potential interactions between the social environment and family/social data on children’s BMI-SDS. Between 2006–2008 and 2010–2012, anthropometric measurements were conducted among 485 children (age at baseline: 6.1 (5.8–6.4)). Socio-demographic characteristics and perception of residential environment were reported by parents. Geographic Information Systems were used to examine street length, number of food outlets and distance to the nearest playground and park/green space within an 800 m Euclidian buffer of each participant address point. Additional data on neighbourhood characteristics (e.g., traffic density, walkability, crime rates) were obtained from the State Capital of Kiel, Germany. In a multivariate model, walkability, street type, socioeconomic status of the district and perceived frequency of passing trucks/busses were associated with BMI-SDS over 4 years, but only neighbourhood SES had an effect on change in BMI-SDS. However, familial/social factors rather than neighbourhood environment (especially social environment) had an impact on children’s BMI-SDS over 4 years. Thus, social inequalities in childhood overweight are only partially explained by social neighbourhood environment.

The Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS) has been performed since 1996. Examinations were performed at age 6, 10 and 14 years. In addition, birth weight as well as height and weight at age 2 years were collected retrospectively. For the study 4,997, 1,671 and 748 children were recruited at baseline (at age 6 years) as well as at 4 and 8-year follow-up, respectively. In this paper we will analyze and discuss (i) the important time period for preventive measures, (ii) effect sizes needed for successful interventions and (iii) suitable approaches for preventive measures. The main results were: (i) at age 6 years persistence of overweight was 69% while at younger ages persistence was 21% only. Thus, school entry was shown to be an important period for preventive measures. (ii) Interventions have to reduce energy balance by 140 kcal/day to prevent overweight (e.g. a reduction of energy intake). (iii) Prevention programs should involve the family and focus on increasing physical activity.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Ziel der 1996 begründeten Kieler Adipositas-Präventionsstudie (KOPS) ist die Identifizierung der Determinanten von Übergewicht und die Evaluation von Präventionsmaßnahmen. Methoden Dazu wurde der Ernährungszustand von 15 251 5- bis 16-Jährigen gemessen und biologische, soziodemografische sowie lebensstilbezogene Faktoren erfasst. 780 Erstklässler nahmen an einem Präventionsprogramm teil, dessen Wirksamkeit nach vier und acht Jahren nachuntersucht wurde. Ergebnisse Die Intervention konnte den Ernährungszustand von Schülern mit hohem sozioökonomischen Status (SES) und normalgewichtigen Müttern langfristig im Rahmen des zu erwartenden Erfolgs verbessern. Ein niedriger SES war die stärkste Barriere für Prävention. Biologische, frühkindliche, soziodemografische und individuelle Determinanten erklären 77,8 % des Übergewichtes. Schlussfolgerung “Ausschaltung” aller präventiv beeinflussbaren Determinanten würde die Übergewicht-Prävalenz in unserer Gesellschaft um 31,4 % sinken. Eine möglicherweise bessere Wirksamkeit hat die Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz, die invers zum Lebensstil assoziiert ist. Effektive Prävention erfordert ein gesellschaftliches Konzept mit Beteiligung aller Akteure. Derzeit sind aber nur wenige dazu bereit.

ZusammenfassungStudienziel war die Untersuchung, inwieweit Ernährungsverhalten und Ernährungszustand von Kindern durch das Ernährungsmuster der Eltern beeinflusst werden. Bei 345 neun-bis elfjährigen Kindern, die im Rahmen der Kieler Adipositas-Präventionsstudie (KOPS) erfasst wurden, konnten nur schwach signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Ernährungsmuster bzw. dem Fast Food-Konsum von Kindern und deren Eltern nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings bestand eine stark positive Korrelation zwischen dem Obst-und Gemüseverzehr von Eltern und Kindern, wobei die Korrelationen für den Obstverzehr schwächer waren als für den Gemüseverzehr. Das Ernährungsverhalten der Mutter stand in einem stärkeren Zusammenhang zur Lebensmittelaufnahme der Kinder als das des Vaters. Eine Beziehung zwischen dem Ernährungsverhalten der Eltern und dem Ernährungszustand der Kinder konnte nicht aufgezeigt werden. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass eine Verbesserung des Ernährungsverhaltens von Eltern über die Vorbildfunktion zu einer gesunden Ernährungsweise von Kindern vor allem in Bezug auf den Obst-und Gemüseverzehr beitragen könnte.