The collapse of state socialism and the introduction of market relationships in Central and Eastern Europe resulted in profound changes of urban development. Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe indicates that the development of a strong housing market and growing material inequalities contribute to the socio-economic polarization of city districts and residential segregation. Based on empirical data, we analyze spatial variation of migrants' first residential choices within Moscow, i.e. intensity of in-migration to a specific district. We test the theory-driven hypotheses about the association between residential choices and housing prices. Our results show that there are some areas that attract migrants of specific socio-economic status. However, housing prices do not explain a substantial share of variance in the intensities of in-migration, at least at the level of city districts; quite a strong association is only evident for foreign migrants. Thus, we find limited evidence of the Moscow' socio-spatial structure polarization due to the residential choices of migrants.
Since the 1950s, Moscow's housing development has been underlined by modernist planning schemes. From the 20th to 21st centuries, the quality and appearance of apartment buildings changed, but housing estates designed as coherent neighbourhoods not only remain the principal type of housing organization but are still being constructed in Moscow and its suburbs. Though the concept itself has not been challenged by policy-makers and planners, by the end of the 20th century it became apparent that early housing estates have become a problem due to poor quality of construction. In 2017, the Moscow Government announced a highly controversial program suggesting the demolition of housing estates built between the 1950s and 1960s. Our contribution analyzes the history of housing estates development in Moscow aiming to understand what has led to the adoption of the 2017 "renovation" program. If this program ends up being fully implemented, along with planned renovation of former industrial areas, the cityscape of Russia's capital will be completely redefined.
Nowadays small cities often lose population. In countries which are forerunners of the demographic transition, depopulation is mainly driven by out‐migration of youth. Through a case study of students from small Russian cities, this paper explores the nature of the association between local identity (LI) and migration intentions. The study suggests that young people with a stronger LI are on average more prone to return to their native cities after graduation. This ‘traditional’ relationship may be related to the difficulties in maintaining strong ties to a place of personal significance when not residing there in the Russian context. However, overall, youth tend towards a negative association with their cities and LI is formed as an opposition: the denial of place validity. Therefore, both way associations are possible. While a strong LI may influence the intention to migrate, it may also develop as an adaptation mechanism for those forced to return.
Поступила в редакцию 01.09.2014 г. Рассматриваются административные районы Центральной России с центрами людностью до 50 тыс. человек. Определены региональные особенности современной структуры районных центров по виду населенных пунктов (городские, сельские, поселки городского типа) и их размеру, а также выявлены причины перемены статуса населенных пунктов в XX в. (экономическое и административное развитие) до настоящего времени (во многом волюнтаристские муниципальные преобразования). С 1970 по 2010 г. проанализирована динамика численности населения районов и центров, выявлены региональные сочетания типов динамики. Оценена роль зонального (Нечерноземье и Черноземье), позиционного (положение по отношению к региональному центру) и институционального (статус и размер центров) факторов динамики населения районов. Выявлено, что, чем ближе располагается район к областному центру и чем больше районный центр (а в Нечерноземье, кроме того,-чем выше статус населенного пункта людностью до 10 тыс. жителей), тем меньше потери населения районом. В целом в Центральной России позиционный фактор влияет сильнее, чем институциональный; оба фактора сильнее проявляют себя в Нечерноземье. При этом центро-периферийный градиент наиболее резко отграничивает только территории, непосредственно окружающие областные центры, а резко дифференцирующее положительное влияние на динамику населения в районах оказывают только города людностью свыше 50 тыс. жителей. Концентрация населения районов в их центрах, даже самых мелких, вследствие обезлюдения периферии привела к формированию к настоящему времени в Центральной России крайне централизованного и дисперсного расселения, в котором очень небольшие центры окружены мало заселенными территориями. Ключевые слова: административный район, административный центр, факторы динамики численности населения, расселение, статус и людность населенных пунктов, Нечерноземье, Черноземье.
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