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This study found an association between CR measures and education, occupation and participation in leisure activities. The CRQ seems to be a suitable instrument to measure CR in Portuguese populations.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly 1 and a clinical syndrome caused by neurodegeneration and characterized by a progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and capacity for independent living. The course of AD is not the same in every person, but symptoms seem to develop over the same general stages. Cognitive reserve (CR) is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform of cognitive aging and describes the capacity of the adult brain to deal with the effects of the neurodegenerative process and to minimize the clinical manifestation of pathology of dementia that is probably the result of innate intelligence or life experience 2 . The CR hypothesis suggests that individual differences in the ability to cope with AD pathology 2,3 are consistent with the prediction that people with more reserve can cope with advancing AD pathology longer before it is expressed clinically 3,4,5 . CR is not fixed, but continues to evolve across the lifespan 5 . Variables pertaining to lifetime experience (education, occupation attainment and leisure activities) 4,5 are the most commonly used proxies for CR and help retain cognitive function in old age. Epidemiological studies suggest that lifelong experiences, including educational, occupational attainment and leisure activities (LA) in later life, can increase reserve 4 . Greater understanding of the concept of CR could lead to ABSTRACTAlzheimer´s disease (AD) is a clinical syndrome caused by neurodegeneration and characterized by a progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and capacity for independent living. Cognitive reserve (CR) describes the capacity of the adult brain to cope with the effects of the neurodegenerative process and to minimize the clinical manifestation of pathology of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of CR and the severity of AD. Method: This study was cross-sectional. Functional and neuropsychological abilities of 75 outpatients with probable AD diagnosis were evaluated. Patients completed two questionnaires, "Participation in leisure activities throughout life" and CR Questionnaire. Result: The relationship between Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the level of CR was statistically significant (likelihood ratio (LR), p = 0.015). Conclusion: The level of CR influenced the severity of dementia. This study suggests that AD patients with higher CR may benefit against cognitive decline after diagnosis of AD.Keywords: Alzheimer´s disease, cognitive reserve, education, leisure activities, lifelong occupation. RESUMODoença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma síndrome neurodegenerativa caracterizada por uma deterioração progressiva das capacidades cognitivas e das competências para uma vida independente. A reserva cognitiva (RC) descreve a capacidade do cérebro adulto em lidar com os efeitos deste processo neurodegenerativo e minimizar a manifestação clínica da patologia de demência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre RC e a severidade da DA. Método: Este estudo foi tra...

Purpose This study aims to identify intellectual structures, emerging trends and future research opportunities via a bibliometric analysis of senior tourism research from 1998 until 2017. Design/methodology/approach A detailed search of 700 core articles and 7,221 citations collated from Web-of-Science and Scopus was implemented and analyzed through CiteSpace. Findings The results reveal a slow increase in the amount of research, with six main areas of research. The most cited articles are mainly older. The USA has a solid leadership in publications, followed by Australia and China. The network of journals and institutions show a core peripheral structure where Tourism Management and University of Queensland are ranked first. The identification of structural holes, critical articles and the development of new emerging tendencies highlights the priorities in the senior tourism domain, pointing to new opportunities for research. Originality/value The originality of this paper consists in a temporal and dynamic analysis of the past two decades, using CiteSpace for a co-citation and co-occurrence network analysis.

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