It is shown that monic orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle are the characteristic polynomials of certain five-diagonal matrices depending on the Schur parameters. This result is achieved through the study of orthogonal Laurent polynomials on the unit circle. More precisely, it is a consequence of the five term recurrence relation obtained for these orthogonal Laurent polynomials, and the one to one correspondence established between them and the orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. As an application, some results relating the behavior of the zeros of orthogonal polynomials and the location of Schur parameters are obtained.

We consider quantum random walks (QRW) on the integers, a subject that has been considered in the last few years in the framework of quantum computation.We show how the theory of CMV matrices gives a natural tool to study these processes and to give results that are analogous to those that Karlin and McGregor developed to study (classical) birth-and-death processes using orthogonal polynomials on the real line.In perfect analogy with the classical case, the study of QRWs on the set of nonnegative integers can be handled using scalar-valued (Laurent) polynomials and a scalar-valued measure on the circle. In the case of classical or quantum random walks on the integers, one needs to allow for matrix-valued versions of these notions.We show how our tools yield results in the well-known case of the Hadamard walk, but we go beyond this translation-invariant model to analyze examples that are hard to analyze using other methods. More precisely, we consider QRWs on the set of nonnegative integers. The analysis of these cases leads to phenomena that are absent in the case of QRWs on the integers even if one restricts oneself to a constant coin. This is illustrated here by studying recurrence properties of the walk, but the same method can be used for other purposes.The presentation here aims at being self-contained, but we refrain from trying to give an introduction to quantum random walks, a subject well surveyed in the literature we quote. For two excellent reviews, see [1,19]. See also the recent notes [20].

In this paper we prove that the simplest band representations of unitary operators on a Hilbert space are five-diagonal. Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle play an essential role in the development of this result, and also provide a parametrization of such five-diagonal representations which shows specially simple and interesting decomposition and factorization properties. As an application we get the reduction of the spectral problem of any unitary Hessenberg matrix to the spectral problem of a five-diagonal one. Two applications of these results to the study of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle are presented: the first one concerns Krein's Theorem; the second one deals with the movement of mass points of the orthogonality measure under monoparametric perturbations of the Schur parameters.

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The CGMV method allows for the general discussion of localization properties for the states of a one-dimensional quantum walk, both in the case of the integers and in the case of the non negative integers. Using this method we classify, according to such localization properties, all the quantum walks with one defect at the origin, providing explicit expressions for the asymptotic return probabilities to the origin.2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 81P68, 47B36, 42C05.