No abstract

Effects of coastal ocean acidification, other than calcification, were tested on juvenile clams Ruditapes decussatus during a controlled CO 2 perturbation experiment. The carbonate chemistry of natural (control) seawater was manipulated by injecting CO 2 to attain 2 reduced pH levels (-0.4 and -0.7 pH units) as compared with the control seawater. After 87 d of exposure, we found that the acidification conditions tested in this experiment significantly reduced the clearance, ingestion and respiration rates, and increased the ammonia excretion rate of R. decussatus seeds. Reduced ingestion combined with increased excretion is generally associated with a reduced energy input, which will likely contribute to a slower growth of the clams in a future high CO 2 coastal ocean. These results emphasize the need for management policies to mitigate the adverse effects of global change on aquaculture, which is an economically relevant activity in most coastal areas worldwide. KEY WORDS: Ocean acidification · Sea water pH · Physiological energetics · Clams · Ruditapes decussatus Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 433: [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105] 2011 oxygen, pH and carbonate ion levels in temperate coastal waters are usually minimal during summer, when the biogenic materials produced during the preceding phytoplankton spring bloom have decomposed and many species of bivalves are spawning (Amaral 2009). In the particular case of the Iberian upwelling system (SW Europe), a significant reduction of the intensity and extension of the upwelling-favourable season has been observed over the last 50 yr (Lemos & Sansó 2006), which has produced a duplication of the residence time of water in the Galician rias, a group of large coastal embayments of the northern coast (Álvarez-Salgado et al. 2008), and a concomitant enhancement of mineralization (Pérez et al. 2010).Previous studies have shown that reductions in pH and in the concentration of carbonate ion in oceanic and coastal waters can have a negative effect on marine organisms (Fabry et al. 2008), eventually affecting their survival (Raven et al. 2005). However, a recent review by Hendriks et al. (2010) proposed that marine biota may be more resistant to acidification than expected. Most of the research efforts on this issue have been focused on the exploitable marine calcifiers with a special emphasis on the impact of ocean acidification on calcification rates (Orr et al. 2005, Gazeau et al. 2007, McDonald et al. 2009, Miller et al. 2009). For the particular case of marine bivalves, Michaelidis et al. (2005) and Berge et al. (2006) reported reduced growth rates for Mytilus spp. reared under conditions of increased CO 2 and reduced pH. Furthermore, Michaelidis et al. (2005) also showed that a prolonged reduction of seawater pH produces decreased respiration rates, increased protein degradation and acidosis of the haemolymph, which is buffered by the dissolution of the CaCO 3 shell. More rece...

The extension and intensity of the upwelling season in the NW Iberian Peninsula (42º-43ºN) have decreased by 30% and 45% over the last 40 years, respectively. Accordingly, the renewal time (τ) of the Rías Baixas, four large coastal inlets where 15% of the World extraction of blue mussels occurs, has increased by 240%. We indirectly demonstrate here that the growing τ has caused the increasing occurrence of harmful microalgae in these embayments, dramatically affecting mussel raft cultivation. The equation            ) c exp(1 365 D 1 τ explains 80% of the variability of the number of days per year that mussels cannot be extracted from the hanging ropes because of the occurrence of harmful microalgae (D). The coefficient c 1 = 37± 2 days indicates that an average τ over the upwelling season of > 25±1 or 50± 3 days reduce mussel extraction to only 50% or 25% of the year, respectively.

Coastal ocean acidification is expected to interfere with the physiology of marine bivalves. In this work, the effects of acidification on the physiology of juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were tested by means of controlled CO 2 perturbation experiments. The carbonate chemistry of natural (control) seawater was manipulated by injecting CO 2 to attain 2 reduced pH levels: −0.3 and −0.6 pH units as compared with the control seawater. After 78 d of exposure, we found that the absorption efficiency and ammonium excretion rate of juveniles were inversely related to pH. Significant differences among treatments were not observed in clearance, ingestion and respiration rates. Coherently, the maximal scope for growth and tissue dry weight were observed in mussels exposed to the pH reduction ΔpH = −0.6, suggesting that M. galloprovincialis could be tolerant to CO 2 acidification, at least in the highly alkaline coastal waters of Ria Formosa (SW Portugal).KEY WORDS: Ocean acidification · Blue mussels · Feeding behaviour · Physiological energetics · Absorption bivalves · Metabolism Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 454: [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] 2012 lidis et al. 2005), others seem to be surprisingly tolerant (e.g. Gutowska et al. 2008). Naturally acidified habitats allow to investigate organisms and communities under high pCO 2 conditions in general (e.g. Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Fabricius et al. 2011) and mussels in particular , RodolfoMetalpa et al. 2011. Multi-generation experiments can also contribute important evidence about the sensitivity and adaptation potential of a given species. Considering the scarcity of that type of study, an alternative approach is to look at indicators for animal performance during long-term CO 2 perturbation experiments (Melzner et al 2009).Bivalves dominate the macrofauna of many estuaries and coastal embayments. Understanding their physiological behaviour is crucial for determining their productivity and energy flows. Changes in environmental variables can affect physiological processes in bivalves, modifying their influence on the ecosystem. These effects need to be evaluated in an integrated way, given the important role these organisms play in terms of ecological structure and their value as economic resources for fisheries and aquaculture in many coastal areas. The potential of significant ecological and economic consequences arising from the effects of ocean acidification on bivalves and the need for further research on commercially important species has been explicitly recognized (Kleypas et al. 2006, Fabry et al. 2008, Cooley & Doney 2009.Scientific research on the effects of seawater acidification on bivalves has been increasing rapidly in recent years. Most previous studies have focused on growth and calcification of the shell (Berge et al. 2006, Gazeau et al. 2007, Miller et al. 2009, Gazeau et al. 2010, Thomsen & Melzner 2010, feeding behaviour, reproduction and metabolism (Mi...

There is an ongoing discussion in the scientific literature about methodological aspects of clearance rate (CR) measurement with regard to bivalves, especially when the CR is measured by flow-through chamber method. In the present paper, an experimental chamber, a mesocosm system, and a validation protocol have been developed for determining the CR using the flow-through method. The procedure consisted of a preliminary analysis of the fluid dynamics in the interior of the chamber and a statistical analysis of the CR measurement in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis L at different water inflows. This allowed the performance of the chamber for each flow to be identified. The performance of the chamber for all the flows studied was also modeled simultaneously by means of Ivlev curve. The protocol, applied to an individual cylindrical experimental chamber (ICEC) (radius 71 mm, height 76 mm, volume 1200 mL), established that the ICEC complies with all the requirements for CR measurement using the flow-through chamber method, provided that the percentage of particles cleared is approximately 20% (minimum 13%, maximum 25%). In agreement with the allometric relationship between length and volume of Mytilus galloprovincialis, 3 types of ICEC were designed for CR measurement on individuals of 20 to 85 mm length. After validation of the ICEC, the performance of a mesocosm system used regularly by our group (box raft experimental chamber or BREC) was evaluated. Three comparative measurements were carried out for the ICEC and BREC, two in situ and one in the laboratory. No statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental systems for the CR determinations, which validates the BREC for CR measurement using the flow-through chamber method.