Energy intensity in Spain has increased since 1990, while the opposite has happened in the EU15. Decomposition analysis of primary energy intensity ratios has been used to identify which are the key sectors driving the Spanish evolution and those responsible for most of the difference with the EU15 energy intensity levels. It is also a useful tool to quantify which countries and economic sectors have had most influence in the EU15 evolution. The analysis shows that the Spanish economic structure is driving the divergence in energy intensity ratios with the EU15, mainly due to the strong transport growth, but also because of the increase of activities linked to the construction boom, and the convergence to EU levels of household energy demand. The results can be used to pinpoint successful EU strategies for energy efficiency that could be used to improve the Spanish metric.

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The existing United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has failed to deliver the rate of low-carbon technology transfer (TT) required to curb GHG emissions in developing countries. This failure has exposed the limitations of universalism and renewed interest in bilateral approaches to TT. Gaps are identified in the UNFCCC approach to climate change TT: missing links between international institutions and the national enabling environments that encourage private investment; a non-differentiated approach for (developing) country and technology characteristics; and a lack of clear measurements of the volume and effectiveness of TTs. Evidence from econometric literature and business experience on climate change TT is reviewed, so as to address the identified pitfalls of the UNFCCC process. Strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches are highlighted. International policy recommendations are offered aimed at improving the level of emission reductions achieved through TT.Keywords: business strategy; climate change; developing countries; economic models; technology transfer; UNFCCC La Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique (CCNUCC) actuelle a échoué en ce qui concerne le taux de transferí des technologies sobres en carbone requises pour réduire les emissions de gaz a effet de serré (GES) dans les pays en developpement. Cet échec a exposé les limites de l'universalisme et creé un regain d'intérét pour les approches bilaterales au transferí de technologies. Des failles ont été identifiées dans la demarche de la CCNUCC par rapport au transferí de technologies: liens manquants entre institutions internationales et circonstances nationales favorables a l'investissement privé; une approche non différenciée entre pays (en developpement) et les caracteristiques de latechnologie; et un manque de ciarte pour mesurer l'ampleur et l'effectivité des transferís de technologies. Les résullals de publicalions économélriques el d'expérience d'entreprises dans le transferí de technologies liées au changement climatique furent examines, de maniere a identifier et aborder les failles du processus de la CCNUCC. Les forces etfaiblesses de différentes methodologies furent mises en relief. Des recommandations de politique internationale sont faites dans le but d'augmenter le niveau de reduction d'émissions a atteindre grace au transferí de technologies.

Keywords: Technology transfer Renewable energy Developing countriesThis paper contributes to the debate about climate change technology transfer by analysing barriers and enablers for a Chilean company starting up the production of wind blades. Literature on the role of technology transfer for the development and deployment of local renewable energy technologies in developing countries often refers to success stories in Brazil, India and China. Instead, this case study highlights the different challenges faced by smaller emerging economies. The paper argues that successful technology transfer in a smaller economy like Chile requires: a minimum internal demand and access to regional markets to attract foreign knowledge providers; a focus in the types of technologies where the recipient country or company have a competitive advantage; and active learning processes by the recipient company. Lessons are drawn for improving the design and implementation of technology-push and market-pull policies in small or medium emerging economies.

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