In 2002, Serge Galam designed a model of a minority opinion spreading. The effect is expected to lead a conservative minority to prevail if the issue is discussed long enough. Here we analyze the marriage gap, i.e. the difference in voting for Bush and Kerry in 2004 between married and unmarried people. It seems possible to interpret this marriage gap in terms of the Galam model.

A new model is formulated of the sociological effect of the spiral of silence, introduced by Elisabeth NoelleNeumann in 1974. The probability that a new opinion is openly expressed decreases with the difference between this new opinion and the perceived opinion of the majority. We also assume that the system is open, i.e. some people enter and some leave during the process of the opinion formation. An influence of a leader is simulated by a comparison of two runs of the simulation, where the leader has different opinion in each run. The difference of the mean expressed opinions in these two runs persists long after the leader's leave.

Th e inspiration for this article is the increasing number of businesses being established by Poles in Germany, especially in the eastern part of the country. Th e authors' aim is to research the strategies of Polish entrepreneurs behind the western border and to point out the forms of their participation in the German labor market. We base our narrative on individual interviews with the experts in the fi eld of transnational entrepreneurship, and we discuss the motivations and the competitive advantages of Polish entrepreneurs. We describe their barriers and refl ect on the future of Polish entrepreneurship in Germany. As the context, we employ sociological theories relevant in the fi eld of migrations and entrepreneurship and look at statistical data illustrating the activity of Polish entrepreneurs in the Polish-German cross-border area. We answer questions about their ways of functioning there from the viewpoint of representatives of companies, institutions and organizations supporting them. In the article, we base our fi ndings on the knowledge, opinions and predictions of our experts.

Th e individual papers collected in this part of Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny touch upon various issues concerning entrepreneurial migration. Although each contribution looks at this topic from a diff erent geographical perspective, their common point of reference is Poland as a country of origin of migrants and, at the same time, as a country receiving migrants. Th e authors refer to various classical categories applied in entrepreneurial migration studies (see, e.g.

This article discusses the roles that various forms of entrepreneurial action (economic, social, political) play in the emergence of new socioeconomic fields during the process of energy transition. The article is based on the results of qualitative research conducted among actors involved in establishing microgrids in Poland. We analyze three cases that differ in terms of the dominant form of entrepreneurial action, the capital at play, and the state of the field. We assert that the development of local energy initiatives requires the interplay of all three forms of entrepreneurial action. All three are necessary for the newly established field to be resilient, economically optimized, and embedded in not only political and business networks but also in the community at large.