This multicentric population-based study in Brazil is the first national effort to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and risk factors in the capital cities of the Northeast, Central-West, and Federal Districts (2004-2005). Random multistage cluster sampling was used to select persons 13-69 years of age. Markers for HBV were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HBV genotypes were determined by sequencing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Multivariate analyses and simple catalytic model were performed. Overall, 7,881 persons were included; < 70% were not vaccinated. Positivity for HBsAg was less than 1% among non-vaccinated persons and genotypes A, D, and F co-circulated. The incidence of infection increased with age with similar force of infection in all regions. Males and persons having initiated sexual activity were associated with HBV infection in the two settings; healthcare jobs and prior hospitalization were risk factors in the Federal District. Our survey classified these regions as areas with HBV endemicity and highlighted the risk factors differences among the settings.

Background: To study the effects of household crowding upon the respiratory health of young children living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Summary:Influenza vaccine is recommended yearly for recipients after the sixth month of BMT. Although a higher risk of complications of influenza is expected to occur in BMT patients, no study has addressed the clinical efficacy of influenza vaccination in this setting. Focusing on the clinical benefits of influenza vaccination, we evaluated the risk factors for influenza infection in a cohort of 177 BMT recipients followed up for 1 year. Influenza was diagnosed in 39 patients. Multivariate analyses showed that seasonal exposure and more aggressive conditioning regimens were independently associated with increased risk for influenza. Influenza vaccination and steroid use showed a protective role. Of the 43 patients who had received BMT longer than 6 months, 19 were vaccinated (compliance rate ¼ 44.2%) and vaccine efficacy was 80%. We conclude that influenza vaccination plays an important role in protecting BMT recipients against influenza and all efforts should be made to ensure good compliance with vaccination. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2005) 36, 897-900.

We report an investigation for 16 bacteria and viruses among 184 children hospitalized with pneumonia in Salvador, Brazil. Etiology was established in 144 (78%) cases. Viral, bacterial, and mixed infections were found in 110 (60%), 77 (42%), and 52 (28%) patients, respectively. Rhinovirus (21%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21%) were the most common pathogens. Our results demonstrate the importance of viral and pneumococcal infections among those patients.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos causados pela poluição atmosférica na morbidade por pneumonia e por gripe em idosos entre 1996 e 1998. MÉTODOS: Foram obtidos dados diários de atendimentos por pneumonia e gripe para idosos em pronto-socorro médico de um hospital-escola de referência no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Os níveis diários de CO, O3, SO2, NO2 e PM10 foram obtidos na Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, e os dados diários de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram obtidos no Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico da USP. Para verificar a relação existente entre pneumonia e gripe e poluição atmosférica, utilizou-se o modelo aditivo generalizado de regressão de Poisson, tendo como variável dependente o número diário de atendimentos por pneumonia e gripe e como variáveis independentes as concentrações médias diárias dos poluentes atmosféricos. A análise foi ajustada para sazonalidade de longa duração (número de dias transcorridos), sazonalidade de curta duração (dias da semana), temperatura mínima, umidade média, períodos de rodízio e os atendimentos por doenças não-respiratórias em idosos. RESULTADOS: O3 e SO2 estão diretamente associados à pneumonia e à gripe, independentemente das variáveis de controle. Porém, na análise conjunta, eles perdem sua significância estatística. Pôde-se observar que um aumento interquartil (25%-75%) para o O3 (38,80 mig/m³) e SO2 (15,05 mig/m³) levaram a um acréscimo de 8,07% e 14,51%, respectivamente, no número de atendimentos por pneumonia e gripe em idosos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que a poluição atmosférica promove efeitos adversos para a saúde de idosos.