Existe considerable interés en comparar el grado de influencia de los conflictos militares y políticos sobre los contactos comerciales y económicos de las tribus de la periferia bárbara cercana y lejana con el mundo antiguo; por lo tanto, un gran campo de comparación está representado por regiones como el Kuban y el Volga-Kama, que representan las periferias bárbaras cercanas y lejanas, respectivamente. Cabe mencionar, que las acciones militares entre esos dos países en la antigüedad no necesariamente llevaron a la interrupción de las relaciones comerciales. Los resultados demuestran claramente la complejidad del estudio de la influencia de los factores militares y políticos en las relaciones comerciales de regiones y tribus específicas, lo que nos permite identificar los problemas más importantes y las formas de seguir investigando.

Based on the involvement of a wide range of sources, the article considers the initial stage of the Soviet penitentiary system formation and development. This problem, closed during the Soviet era, enjoys an increased attention of experts after the USSR collapse, one of the consequences of which is the controversial nature of its various aspects many assessments. The article focuses on the most controversial problems of the penitentiary system contemporary historiography, such as the time of forced labor system origin and the repressive or educational nature of this system. In the course of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the starting point of its activity was 1919, when the forced labor camps were established. Another feature of this period was the continued struggle of various positions in the leadership of the country about the repressive or educational orientation of prisoner work until the end of the 20-ies. During the first post-revolutionary years, the prevailing view was the view concerning the educational value of forced labor and its payment at state rates. After the eradication of revolutionary romanticism era and under the influence of complex social-economic conditions of the country development the second point of view prevails by the end of the 1920-ies, which begins to be realized in practice in 1929 with the Gulag system development.

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