Objective: To report the distribution of oral and maxillofacial pathologies diagnosed histologically in laboratory. Methods: The retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan, and comprised biopsied lesions submitted to the institutional laboratory from 2010 to 2019. Data on gender, age, site of the lesion and histopathological diagnosis was retrieved from the records. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results: Of the 986 histologically confirmed cases, 545(55.27%) related to males and 441(44.72%) to females. The overall mean age of the patients was 43.20+19.85. Tongue was the most affected site 159(16.1%). The most common diagnostic category was malignant tumours 338(34%), followed by salivary gland pathology 162(16%), and cysts and odontogenic tumours 138(14%). The most common histopathological finding was oral squamous cell carcinoma 249(25.2%), and pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumour 103(10.4%). Conclusion: Oral squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy, while pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumour. Key Words: Oral and maxillofacial lesions, Prevalence, Histopathology, Benign lesions, Malignant lesions.

Objectives: To determine the relationship of Naswar with different tumour grading in squamous cell carcinoma. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study using non-probability, consecutive sampling. Setting: Department of Oral Pathology, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Period: January 2017 till June 2017. Material & Methods: 60 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were included. Half the cases (30) had a history of Naswar use while the other half (30) had no history of Naswar use. Data was analysed using SPSS v 22. Results: This study included 60% male and 40% female cases, ranging from 40 years to 80 years (mean = 57.6 + 11 years). Majority of patients 80% had well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, while the rest (20%) had poorly differentiated. Distribution of male and female across both groups was equal (p 0.598). Both the groups were comparable in terms of grade of tumour (p 0.519). Conclusion: Naswar use was not associated with any particular histological grade of oral squamous cell carcinoma in our study. However, further research is needed to explore this association.

Vitamin D is a prohormone that has been shown to impact immune response and is well-known for its role in bone health. An expanding body of evidence suggests that 25OHD testing is being misused, which causes a heavy burden on the healthcare system. Analysis of all serum 25OHD tests given to adult inpatients and outpatients from January 1, 2022 through March 1, 2022. It was determined that a total of 189 tests were conducted during the audit period of one week. There were 130 preliminary examinations, 40 of which were conducted on individuals already receiving vitamin D supplementation. The number of people who had a valid reason to get tested (55) was significantly higher than those who did not (23). Fifty-one percent of the 183 25OHD tests were unnecessary. A reduction in testing may be possible if current recommendations are strictly adhered to. Only 3% of individuals with vitamin D deficiency were tested for celiac disease within nine months. Significant cost savings are achieved without compromising patient outcomes by increasing compliance with guide suggestions for 25 hydroxyvitamin D testing, utilization of test data, and implementation of recent reasons for examination. Possible causes of unneeded retesting include the lack of usage of electronic records and inadequate communication between doctors. It is possible that outcomes are not being actively studied due to a lack of distinguishable follow-up testing for vitamin D-related disorders.

Objective: To evaluate the hematological and clinical features of Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Materials and Methods: This was hospital-based retrospective study which included all cases of Cutaneous leishmaniasis and Visceral leishmaniasis that were diagnosed from Jan 2018 till December 2019 at Pathology Department, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. The diagnosed cases were analyzed for clinical and laboratory profile in details, results of CBC, demographic information and physical signs at presentation were noted as well as bone marrow aspirations were performed for LD bodies. Results: Out of 104 cases, 36 (34.61%) visceral leishmaniasis and 68 (65.38%) cutaneous leishmaniasis were observed during the study period, in which 82 (78.85%) were male and 22 (21.15%) were females. Age range was from 03-40 years with mean of 23 + 4.21 years. Intermittent fever was observed in almost all the cases of visceral leishmaniasis and 52 (76.47%) of cutaneous leishmaniasis. All patients with visceral leishmaniasis had hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Patients with CL presented as lesions on face and foot region.  In VL all patients were male, while in CL 46 were males and only 22 were females. Majority (83.33%) of patients in VL were children (age group 1-10 years), in cutaneous leishmaniasis 34 (50%) were in age group 31-40 years. Conclusion: Our study concludes that leishmaniasis mainly affecting age group 10-20 years. Patients with visceral Leishmaniasis presented with pallor, weight loss fever and splenomegaly while those with cutaneous leishmaniasis presented with lesions on the foot and face especially nose. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were most common hematological parameters. It is essential that the Public Health authorities be more aware of the condition in order to improve environmental sanitation and personal protective measures and to establish diagnostic laboratories for early and correct diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: This study was designed to employ the NMR lipoprotein profiling technique to evaluate the spectrum of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. The major aim of this research was to investigate the subclasses of lipoprotein to investigate the pathophysiology of brain damage in PKU cases. However, we were also concerned with the possible cardiovascular risks caused by abnormal lipoprotein profiles. Place and Duration: Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar(PIMC) From Jan 2021 to December 2021 Study type: Case control study Methodology: Patients were asked for an overnight fast to get their plasma samples in the morning. Samples were frozen at − 20 °C to perform analysis by using a 600 MHz Bruker AVANCE IVDr spectrometer. For the statistical analysis, SPSS version 24.0 was used. A student t-test was applied to measure the statistical difference. The significant statistical difference was set as 0.05. Results: In case group total cholesterol was reported as 179.4 while the control group had 200.9 mg/dL with a p value < 0.02. On the other hand, the LDL cholesterol was reported as 104.1 mg/dL in control while 79.5 mg/dL in the case group with p<0.003. Meanwhile, no statistical difference was observed between both groups when comparing triglycerides. No statistical difference was observed between subclasses of lipoprotein. Furthermore in current research correlation was observed between blood PHE levels andPHE control diet. Conclusion: In conclusion, NMR spectroscopy provides unique patterns of lipoprotein profile which were previously seen in patients consuming statins as their treatment Keywords: Plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, phenylketonuria, PKU diet