Abstract-The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in renal development. However, it is unknown whether reduction in angiotensin II effects during the nephrogenic period leads to different renal alterations in males and females during the adult age. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the role of angiotensin II on renal development is sex dependent and whether there are sex differences in blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and severity of renal damage during adult life when nephrogenesis is altered by blocking angiotensin II effects. Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (L-158.809; 7 mg/kg per day) during the first 2 weeks of life. At 3 months of age, changes in blood pressure, albuminuria, and renal hemodynamics were assessed, and stereological and histopathologic studies were performed. Blood pressure increased (127Ϯ0.5 versus 115Ϯ0.7 mm Hg in control rats; PϽ0.05) and nephron number decreased (37%; PϽ0.05) similarly in treated males and females. However, only males had an elevation in albuminuria (5.92Ϯ1.65 versus 0.33Ϯ0.09 mg per day in control rats; PϽ0.05), a fall in glomerular filtration rate (12.6%; PϽ0.05), and a significant decrease in papillary volume (42%; PϽ0.05). Mean glomerular volume, glomerulosclerosis, arteriolar hypertrophy, and tubulointerstitial damage in cortex and medulla were also higher (PϽ0.05) in angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist-treated males than in treated females. The results of this study suggest that females seem to be more protected than males to the renal consequences of reducing angiotensin II effects during renal development.

1 Dierent data support a role for brainstem noradrenergic inputs to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the control of hypothalamus ± pituitary ± adrenocortical (HPA) axis. However, little is known regarding the functional adaptive changes of noradrenergic aerent innervating the PVN and supraoptic nucleus (SON) during chronic opioid exposure and upon morphine withdrawal. 2 Here we have studied the expression of Fos after administration of morphine and during morphine withdrawal in the rat hypothalamic PVN and SON. Fos production was also studied in brainstem regions that innervate hypothalamic nuclei: the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS ± A 2 ) and the ventrolateral medulla (VLM ± A 1 ) and combined with immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) for immunohistochemical identi®cation of active neurons during morphine withdrawal. Male rats were implanted with s.c. placebo or morphine (tolerant/dependent) pellets for 7 days. On day 8 rats received an injection of saline i.p., morphine i.p., saline s.c. or naloxone s.c. 3 Acute morphine administration produced an increase in Fos expression at hypothalamic nuclei and in the brainstem regions, and tolerance developed towards this eect. Precipitated morphine withdrawal induced marked Fos immunoreactivity within the PVN and SON. Concomitantly, numerous neurons in the brainstem were stimulated by morphine withdrawal. Moreover, catecholaminergic-positive neurons in the brainstem showed a signi®cant increase in Fos expression in response to morphine withdrawal. 4 These ®ndings demonstrate that chronic activation of opioid receptors results in altered patterns of immediate-early genes (IEG) expression in the PVN and SON, which occurs concurrently with an increased activity of their inputs from the brainstem.

Background: The zona pellucida (ZP), an extracellular matrix which surrounds mammalian oocytes, is formed by different glycoproteins. Several studies have revealed that carbohydrate residues present in glycoproteins of ZP play a key role in the sperm-egg recognition. However, the origin and the biochemical composition of ZP remain to be completely resolved.Methods: ZP glycoproteins from rat ovarian follicles were investigated at light and electron microscopic level by the application of lectins conjugated to peroxidase, digoxigenin, and colloidal gold in combination with enzyme and chemical treatment. A quantitative analysis was also performed.Results: ZP shows reactivity to WGA, DSA, LFA, AAA, RCA I, and MAA. SBA and PNA showed a variable reactivity ranging from negative to strongly positive. A uniform pattern of binding throughout ZP was observed with DSA, Con A, AAA, MAA, and LFA. However, labeling by RCA I and SBA was higher in the outer Z P while PNA and WGA showed a higher binding in the inner ZP. Lectin reactivity was detected in cortical granules, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies of oocytes.Conclusions: ZP contained the terminal disaccharides Galpl,4GlcNAc, Galpl,3GalNAc, and GalNAcpl,3Gal and the trisaccharides Neu5Aca2, 3Galpl,4GlcNAc, Neu5Ac-Galpl,3GalNAc, and Neu5Ac-GalNAcp1,3Gal sequences. The occurrence of Fucose residues (Y 1,6 linked to the inner core region of N-linked glycoproteins of Z P was demonstrated by the use of several fucose-specific lectins. Methylation-saponification treatment in combination with lectin cytochemistry reveals that Gal, GalNAc, and polyllactosamine residues of rat Z P glycoproteins contain sulphated groups. The reactivity observed in ooplasmic vesicles was similar to that of ZP, thus suggesting that the oocyte is the site of synthesis of ZP glycoproteins.

The glycoconjugates of the human fundic mucosa were characterized at the ultrastructural level by means of direct (Helix pomatia agglutinin-gold complex) and indirect lectin techniques (Concanavalin A and horseradish peroxidase-gold complex; wheat germ agglutinin and ovomucoid-gold complex). Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells secreted O-glycoproteins with N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non reducing terminus of the saccharidic chain. The secretory granules of the mucous neck cells showed condensed areas slightly reactive to ConA. The results obtained in the chief cells suggest that these cells secrete N-glycoproteins rich in mannose and/or glucose residues. "Transitional cells", presenting both morphological characteristics and lectin binding pattern intermediate to the mucous neck and chief cells have been observed. The surface of the intracellular canaliculi of the parietal cell was labelled by HPA, WGA and ConA. In the neck region of the gastric glands, immature parietal cells containing abundant mucous granules reactive to HPA, WGA and ConA were observed. The present results further corroborate the existence of a common cell precursor for surface mucous, mucous neck and parietal cells. In a further step, mucous neck cells gradually differentiate into chief cells the transitional cells being an intermediate stage.

Gallbladder mucus is mainly composed of glycoproteins, which seem to play a critical role in cholesterol nucleation during gallstone formation. The biosynthetic pathway and sequential processing as well as the characterization of the oligosaccharide side-chains of human gallbladder secretory glycoproteins have not been completely defined. The aim of the present study is the subcellular characterization of the glycoproteins in the principal cells of human gallbladder. Principal cells of normal human gallbladder were studied by means of a variety of cytochemical techniques, including lectin histochemistry, enzyme and chemical treatments, immunocytochemistry and lectin-gold technology. Fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid residues were detected in mucous granules, Golgi apparatus and apical membrane of principal cells. Mannose residues were only observed in dense bodies. Oligosaccharide side-chains of the glycoproteins contained in the biliary mucus are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus of the principal cells of the gallbladder epithelium and are also contained in the mucous granules of these cells. Terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid(alpha 2-3)galactose(beta 1-3)N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid(alpha 2-3)galactose(beta 1-4)N-acetylglucosamine and galactose(beta 1-4)N-acetylglucosamine sequences are contained in the oligosaccharide chains of gallbladder mucus glycoproteins. The dense bodies detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells contained N-linked glycoproteins. Mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins were the main components of the mucous granules although some N-linked chains were also detected.