Seventy-five patients with gastric carcinoma underwent preoperative staging with computed tomography (CT). In 14 patients, CT failed to demonstrate lymphadenopathy despite the presence of malignant lymph nodes at surgery. In 13 patients, CT demonstrated enlarged nodes, but no malignant involvement was found at surgery. Although spread to the pancreas was correctly predicted in three patients with lack of fat plane between tumor and pancreas, five patients lacking a fat plane had no invasion, whereas eight patients with an intact fat plane had invasion. Thirty-five patients (47%) were incorrectly staged with CT:23 (31%) were understaged and 12 (16%) were overstaged. CT does not accurately display the true extent of disease in patients with gastric carcinoma and therefore should not be used routinely for staging.

A study was conducted on a direct-injection, single-cylinder, research-type diesel engine to determine the effect of adding ethanol or isopropanol to diesel fuel on the ignition delay period. The test parameters were alcohol content, intake-air properties, and fuel-air ratio. It was found that the ignition delay of alcohol-diesel blends is prolonged as the alcohol content is increased. Ethanol-diesel blends developed longer ignition delays than those developed by isopropanol-diesel blends. The results showed that ignition delay of alcohol-diesel blends can be effectively shortened using intake-air preheating and/or supercharging. The high activation energy of alcohols with respect to diesel fuel is believed to be responsible for the long ignition delays associated with the use of alcohols as alternate fuels in compression ignition engines.

Experiments were conducted on a four-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injected diesel engine to study the effects of engine coolant temperature on both performance parameters and exhaust emissions. The energy balance is discussed on the bases of first-law analysis and second-law analysis. The range of speed investigated was 1000–2000 RPM for the torque range of 25–152 N.m. The coolant temperature was varied from 50 to 95 °C. The present study shows that the coolant temperature has a significant effect on the volumetric efficiency. It also shows that increasing coolant temperature decreases the mass flow rate of fuel consumption and the cooling losses. As a result, the brake specific fuel consumption decreases and the brake thermal efficiency increases. A chart was developed for showing the relationship between the coolant temperature, equivalence ratio, brake torque, and brake specific fuel consumption. The study shows that the coolant temperature has a significant effect on NOx emissions and minor effects on the volumetric percentages of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The unburned hydrocarbons show insignificant variation. This work also shows that increasing coolant temperature slightly increases the availability of the coolant and decreases the total availability losses.

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A quantitative preparation of bisoxathiolane from 9,12-dioxo-trans-10-octadecenoic acid is discussed. The reagents used are fl-mercaptoethanol and BF 3etherate in acetic acid. The structure of the product was established with the help of elemental analysis, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy data.