The intensity of treatment (amount of dentifrice×concentration) during brushing seems to be a more relevant parameter of clinical efficacy than simply observing the F concentration of the product. The use of a small amount of CD significantly reduced the protective effects against enamel demineralization.

The results suggest that the consumption of some brands of infant formulae, powdered milk, and soy-based milk in the first year of age could increase the risk of dental fluorosis, reinforcing the need for periodic surveillance of the F content of foods and beverages typically consumed by young children.

The better performance of LFDs containing CaGP or TMP shown in previous studies should be attributed to their ability to interact with tooth enamel and with the biofilm, rather to their effect on the biofilm fluid.

RESUMO O cirurgião-dentista deve ser capaz de identificar lesões resultantes de maus-tratos na infância e são obrigados, por lei, a denunciar os casos suspeitos. Os maus-tratos infantis é um grave problema social e podem ser classificados em: abuso físico, emocional, sexual e negligência. Os sinais físicos em vítimas de abuso ocorrem em grande maioria na cavidade oral e na região de cabeça e pescoço, área de atuação do cirurgião-dentista. Objetivo: Relatar os aspectos orofaciais dos diferentes tipos de maus-tratos na infância e o papel dos dentistas na avaliação dessas condições. Metodologia: Publicações sobre o tema foram obtidas em base dos dados LILACS, PUBMED, SCOPUS e WEB OF SCIENCE. Resultados: A partir das publicações foi elaborado uma tabela com as principais características do abuso sexual infantil. Verificou-se que os ferimentos orofaciais decorrentes de maus-tratos infantis incluem marcas de mordida, fratura dentária, laceração dos tecidos duros e moles, hematomas em vários estágios de cura, dentre outros. Os cirurgiões dentistas encontram-se despreparados para diagnosticar casos de violência infantil. A correta atuação do profissional é essencial para proteção da criança, devendo este denunciar os casos suspeitos ao Conselho Tutelar ou ao Juizado da Infância e Juventude. Conclusões: é de suma importância o reconhecimento dos sinais e lesões em crianças sob maus-tratos, para que o cirurgião-dentista cumpra sua responsabilidade ética e legal nestes casos.

Objective To evaluate the effects of fluoride (F) gels supplemented with micrometric or nano-sized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMPmicro and TMPnano, respectively) on the in vitro remineralization of caries-like lesions. Methodology Bovine enamel subsurface lesions (n=168) were selected according to their surface hardness (SH) and randomly divided into seven groups (n=24/group): Placebo (without F/TMP), 4,500 ppm F (4500F), 4500F + 2.5% TMPnano (2.5% Nano), 4500F + 5% TMPnano (5% Nano), 4500F + 5% TMPmicro (5% Micro), 9,000 ppm F (9000F), and 12,300 ppm F (Acid gel). The gels were applied in a thin layer for one minute. Half of the blocks were subjected to pH cycling for six days, whereas the remaining specimens were used for loosely- (calcium fluoride; CaF 2 ) and firmly-bound (fluorapatite; FA) fluoride analysis. The percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), area of subsurface lesion (ΔKHN), CaF 2 , FA, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) on/in enamel were determined. Data (log 10 -transformed) were subjected to ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls’ test (p<0.05). Results We observed a dose-response relation between F concentrations in the gels without TMP for %SHR and ΔKHN. The 2.5% Nano and 5% Micro reached similar %SHR when compared with 9000F and Acid gels. For ΔKHN, Placebo and 5% Nano gels had the highest values, and 5% Micro, 2.5% Nano, 9000F, and Acid gels, the lowest. All groups had similar retained CaF 2 values, except for Placebo and Acid gel. We verified observed an increase in Ca concentrations in nano-sized TMP groups. Regarding P, TMP groups showed similar formation and retention to 9000F and Acid. Conclusion Adding 2.5% nano-sized or 5% micrometric TMP to low-fluoride gels lead to enhanced in vitro remineralization of artificial caries lesions.