Research of human settlements on the karst area of East Sarajevo starts with a brief overview of the City's characteristic traits and the influence of relief on the distribution of the population. The karst terrain was mapped using GIS tools, after which the percentage of the population and its concentration on the karst area of the East Sarajevo was determined. Karst areas have a low population density caused by difficult living conditions due to the vertical and horizontal dissection of relief, lack of mineral resources, geodynamic disasters, water shortages, specific climate conditions, degraded land, and vegetation. The consequences are the fragmentation of property, migration and aging of the population, lack of labor, weakening of the economy, etc. The research focus is to determine the degree of the anthropogenic impact on the karst environment and to apply the suitable methodology in the determination of the settlements categories according to the degree of karst environment vulnerability.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, and therefore the City of East Sarajevo have in recent decades have a major impact on the distribution of the settlement. The subject of this paper will be geographical and habitation specifics of East Sarajevo, vertical zones and distribution of the population. The aim of this paper is to determine whether and how the relief affects the distribution of the population in the researched area and how population depends on the morphometric parameters. Also, we want to determine how the population of mountainous landscapes of the explored territory has changed and what is its trend of the last few decades, since the process of migration from rural to urban areas and the process of land reclamation is expressed throughoutthe territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a hypothesis, there is the depopulation that is more prominent in areas with higher altitude, and, through the paper we will examine and try to relate the movement of the population and hypsometric distribution of the population. The higher mountainous areas are more affected by intensive aging population, demographic fragmentation and the creation of rural built.

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There were some big political, economic, demographic and administrative changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina primarily caused by the war in the period from 1992 to 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two entities -the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Srpska. The entity's boundary did not respect the boundaries of settlements system, and did not respect the boundaries of the settlements itself as the network of settlements, which led to the division of settlements between the two entities. It was perhaps one of the biggest problems when it comes to the data comparability of population census in 1991 and 2013. It can be said that it is almost impossible to determine which number of inhabitants of these divided settlements in 1991 lived on the territory of the Republic of Srpska and which lived in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Major changes and disintegration settlements occurred in the area of the capital city of the Bosnia and Herzegovina-Sarajevo, where, in 1992, the city of East Sarajevo is founded. The work will present the kind of changes that occurred at the area of Sarajevo -East Sarajevo, what happened to the settlement system and how it creates problems regarding the comparability of the census. The aim is to point out the level of disintegration of settlements in the researched area. Keywords: Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, disintegration settlements, census INTRODUCTIONThe formation of a settlement system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a long historical process which took place under very specific political and social conditions. According the census from 1991 in Bosnia and Herzegovina were 5 825 settlements, of which 5 572 were in the category of other settlements, and settlements or smaller settlements of the transition type which makes 95.7% of the total number of settlements, while 253 settlements belonged into the category of urban settlements and it makes 4.3% of the total. At the end of the twentieth century the Balkan peninsula went through a difficult period of the war that was followed by the political, economic and demographic changes. After the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in November in 1995, Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 51% of pre-war territory and the Republic of Srpska, with 49% of pre-war territory [3]. The entity boundary did not respect the boundaries of settlements system, and did not respect the boundaries of settlement itself and the network of settlements, which led to the division of settlements between the two entities. (Figure 1 [9])

Spatial assessment of soil erosion is an important indicator of ecological soil change and global environmental changes. This is especially true for countries with rich forest cover such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this study, the risk of soil erosion was assessed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and the impact of changes in the forest ecosystem, current conditions were compared with possible future forest management scenarios, and measures and solutions were proposed to reduce soil erodibility in vulnerable areas of the Pale Municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The studied area is at increased risk of soil erosion due to natural conditions (mountain relief, climate change, and the frequency of extreme climatic events—drought and heavy rains, which occur more and more frequently in a short period of time) and due to anthropogenic factors, such as large-scale deforestation and conversion of mountain areas for tourism purposes, tracing and construction of ski slopes and ski resorts in general, and expansion of settlements. All this leads to threats to water conservation areas, landslides, floods, forest fires, and additional reduction of forest areas due to drying of forests and expansion of settlements. GIS as a tool provides us with a quick and accurate way to find possible solutions to problems resulting from the intensive use and inadequate monitoring. In this study, we have tried to offer possible solutions and show the benefits that can be obtained by varying the factors that affect soil erodibility and depend on vegetation cover, that is, land use (C-factor). This study presents the application of RUSLE methods in combination with GIS for the purpose of planning economic activities, such as winter tourism development in the community of Pale. An increase in soil loss due to inappropriate land use was found, with the average annual soil loss due to deforestation in the ski area increasing to 909.43 t ha−1 year−1.