The subject of this research are the demographic trends and the educational system of the Republic of Srpska. The aim of the research is to define the concepts required to comprehend the demographic trends and to explore their implications for the educational system of the Republic of Srpska. In order to establish sustainable development in the Republic of Srpska, education being a key component therein, it is necessary to perceive its demographic resources in order to create an educational system. By means of empirical research with a presentation of results through factor and cluster analysis, generated quantitative and qualitative indices of demographic resources, particularly in the educational system. The Republic of Srpska as a whole belongs to type D, featuring poor demographic resources and characteristics, as well as prominent demographic disparities regarding spatial development. However, in order to increase the coverage, relevance and efficiency of completion of the education process, it is necessary to determine the strategic commitments to be accomplished together with certain quantitative demographic indicators of the achievement level (educational coverage of different generations). Demographic changes will pose a major challenge for policy makers and to the society in general across the upcoming decades and will require shaping new economic, tax, health, pension, educational, social, family and other policies that affect demographic changes. The research endeavour in this paper focuses on that very aspect, together with the respective applicative capabilities.
Sažetak.Predmet istraživanja su demografske promjene koje su bitno determinisane promjenama koje se događaju u ekonomskom, društvenom, kulturnom, zdravstvenom i tehničko-tehnološkom razvoju Republike Srpske. Cilj istraživanja je definisati pojmove potrebne za razumijevanje procesa demografskog starenja, te istražiti trendove demografskih kretanja u Republici Srpskoj. Doprinos istraživanja sastoji se u utvrđivanju ekonomskih i socijalnih posljedica demografskih procesa. Demografska kretanja u Repubici Srpskoj su već duže vremena izrazito negativna. Dominantni procesi koji se ističu su nedovoljno rađanje i proces demografskog starenja. Dugoročne posljedice ovih procesa su već sada vidljive, ali u budućnosti bi mogle biti i još izraženije. Kao i većina posttranzicionih zemalja, Srpska je suočena s niskim stopama fertiliteta i zato joj je potrebna aktivna populaciona politika koja će pomoći u povećanju stopa fertiliteta i demografskom oporavku, a s tim povezano i ekonomskom oporavku.Ključne reči: starenje stanovništva, fertilitet, dobna zavisnost, ekonomija UvodStarosna struktura stanovništva je jedna od najvažnijih struktura budući da direktno utiče na ekonomski položaj i mogućnosti razvoja odreĎene zemlje. Stanovništvo svake zemlje predstavlja nosioca ekonomskog razvoja zbog proizvodne uloge koju ima unutar svake ekonomije. Osim ekonomskog razvoja, starosna struktura omogućuje praćenje razvoja stanovništva tokom dužeg vremenskog perioda. Savremena društva različitim mjerama i politikama nastoje ublažiti nepovoljna demografska kretanja. Proces demografskog starenja s kojim se Republika Srpska prema demografskim istraživanjima već duže vremena susreće predstavlja problem, a prema projekcijama starenje stanovništva bi u budućnosti moglo biti i izraženije. Trend starenja stanovništva vidljiv je već iz popisa iz 1991. Godine, a 2013.godine udio mladih u dobi 0-14 godina značajno je opao. UsporeĎivanjem broja mladog i starog stanovništva vidljivo je da na 100 stanovnika mladih do 15 godina dolaze 121 stanovnika starijih od 65 godina, što svakako djeluje nepovoljno na ekonomski razvoj, direktno ili indirektno. U skladu s navedenim, proces demografskog starenja i korelacija tog procesa s ekonomskim implikacijama predstavljaju osnovni problem istraživanja ovog rada.U savremenom globalizovanom svijetu svakodnevno dolazi do promjena koje se s demografske strane ogledaju u produženju vijeka trajanja života stanovništva i to s naglaskom na razvijene zemlje. Posmatrajući strukturu stanovništva razvijenih zemalja vidljiv je s jedne strane trend kasnijeg ulaska u brak, raĎanja manjeg broja djece, nižih stopa nataliteta, a s druge strane sve starije stanovništvo, smanjuje se kontigent radno sposobnih te se povezano s tim poveća broj zavisnog stanovništva. Demografske promjene su bitno determinisane promjenama koje se dogaĎaju u ekonomskom, društvenom, kulturnom, zdravstvenom i Autor za korespondenciju: Stevo Pašalić,
Sažetak: Predmet istraživanja bila je identifikacija i valorizacija uticaja turizma i demografskih resursa na održivi razvoj Republike Srpske. U ovom radu istraživani su demografski resursi i turizam kao činioci održivog razvoja Republike Srpske. Oni, diverzifikacijom aktivnosti i generisanjem dodatnih prihoda, ublažavaju negativne ekonomske, socijalne i demografske tendencije u područjima Republike Srpske. Negativni demografski pokazatelji (posebno u ruralnim područjima) se nepovoljno odražavaju na raspoloživost i kvalitet ljudskih resursa, a preko njih i na mogućnosti razvoja turizma na ovom prostoru. U strategijama revitalizacije depopulacionih i pasivnih krajeva u Republici Srpskoj, turizam se navodi kao djelatnost koja će pospješiti razvoj, uspješno valorizovati postojeće prirodne, kulturne i demografske potencijale. Ovakav trend je uglavnom prisutan u odsustvu drugih razvojnih resursa, jer turizam vrednuje ono što je za druge privredne grane nebitno.U odsustvu drugih razvojnih resursa, turizam se javlja kao jedina opcija valorizacije navedenih prostora. U tom kontekstu, ni staro stanovništvo, ni oskudnija infrastrukturna opremljenost ne moraju po pravilu predstavljati veća ograničenja, pa bi odgovor na pitanje može li turizam biti faktor revitalizacije bio pozitivan.Ključne riječi: depopulacija, razvoj turizma, dinamika stanovništva, migracije, strukture stanovništva.Abstract: Subject of this research is an identification and valorization of tourism and demographic resources to the sustainable development of Republic of Srpska. This paper investigates the demographic resources and tourism as factors of sustainable development of the Republic of Srpska. They, by diversification of activities and generating additional revenue, mitigate the negative economic, social and demographic trends in the areas of the Republic of Srpska. Negative demographic indicators (especially in rural areas) adversely affect the availability and quality of human resources, and through them to the possibilities of tourism development in this area. In strategies for revitalization of depopulated and passive regions in the Republic of Srpska, tourism is mentioned as an activity that will enhance the development and successfully valorize existing natural, cultural and demographic potential. This trend is mainly present in the absence of other development resources since tourism evaluates what is for other industries unimportant. In the absence of other development resources, tourism has emerged as the only option of valorization of mentioned regions. In this context, neither aging population, nor scarce infrastructural facilities necessarily represent greater limitations, so that answer to the question of whether tourism can be a factor of revitalization would be positive.Keywords: depopulation, tourism development, population dynamics, migrations, population structure. I.UVODSmanjivanje broja stanovnika i demografsko pražnjenje određenih prostora, jedan je od dominantnih demografskih procesa u Republici Srpskoj. Raspravljajući o sman...
The subject of research of this work is migration from BiH from the end of the 20 th century until today. The aim of the study is to analyze the consequences of total migration and other demographic losses in BiH, that have reached the highest percent of migration during the nineties of the20 th century in Europe after the Second World War. The results of the research show that migration demographic losses were approximately 25% of nowadays population number in BiH. The long-term effects of emigration came to the fore. By emigration of the most vital age groups has led to the reduction of fertile cohorts, which results in a decrease in birth, increase in mortality rates and population aging. In the first decade of this century, there was a negative birth rate. Several factors have had influence to the biological (natural) depopulation and the first one was emigration. Continuous and intense emigration was one of the main cause why BiH was in the group of European countries with expressed population aging. After the 20 th century where population of BiH was doubled, 21 st century was marked by the total depopulation. Among various factors that have an influence to the demographic perspective of BiH, the most important is negative migration balance. The social impact of migration in BiH is visible and multidimensional. War and post-war changes have led to the sensibility of many groups to economical and political turmoil that resulted in lag in the overall development.
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