Substrate utilization across the leg during 90 min of bicycle exercise at 58% of peak oxygen uptake (VO(2 peak)) was studied in seven endurance-trained males and seven endurance-trained, eumenorrheic females by applying arteriovenous catheterization, stable isotopes, and muscle biopsies. The female and male groups were matched according to VO(2 peak) per kilogram of lean body mass, physical activity level, and training history of the subjects. All subjects consumed the same diet, well controlled in terms of nutrient composition as well as energy content, for 8 days preceding the experiment, and all females were tested in the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle. During exercise, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and leg respiratory quotient (RQ) were similar in females and males. Myocellular triacylglycerol (TG) degradation was negligible in males but amounted to 12.4 +/- 3.2 mmol/kg dry wt in females and corresponded to 25.0 +/- 6.0 and 5.0 +/- 7.3% of total oxygen uptake in females and males, respectively (P < 0.05). Utilization of plasma fatty acids (12.0 +/- 2.5 and 9.6 +/- 1.5%), blood glucose (13.6 +/- 1.5 and 14.3 +/- 1.5%), and glycogen (48.5 +/- 4.9 and 42.8 +/- 2.1%) were similar in females and males. Thus, in females, measured substrate oxidation accounted for 99% of the leg oxygen uptake, whereas in males 28% of leg oxygen uptake was unaccounted for in terms of measured oxidized lipid substrates. These findings may indicate that males utilized additional lipid sources, presumably very low density lipoprotein-TG or TG located between muscle fibers. On the basis of RER and leg RQ, it is concluded that no gender difference existed in the relative contribution from carbohydrate and lipids to the oxidative metabolism across the leg during submaximal exercise at the same relative workload. However, an effect of gender appears to occur in the utilization of the different lipid sources.

.-The resting content and use of myocellular triacylglycerol (MCTG) during 90 min of submaximal exercise [60% of peak oxygen uptake (V O2 peak)] were studied in 21 eumenorrheic female and 21 male subjects at different training levels [untrained (UT), moderately trained (MT), and endurance trained (END)]. Males and females were matched according to their V O2 peak expressed relative to lean body mass, physical activity level, and training history. All subjects ingested the same controlled diet for 8 days, and all females were tested in the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Resting MCTG, measured with the muscle biopsy technique, averaged 48.4 Ϯ 4.2, 48.5 Ϯ 8.4, and 52.2 Ϯ 5.8 mmol/kg dry wt in UT, MT, and END females, respectively, and 34.1 Ϯ 4.9, 31.6 Ϯ 3.3, and 38.4 Ϯ 3.0 mmol/kg dry wt in UT, MT, and END males, respectively (P Ͻ 0.001, females vs. males in all groups). Exercise decreased MCTG content in the female subjects by an average of 25%, regardless of training status, whereas in the male groups MCTG content was unaffected by exercise. The arterial plasma insulin concentration was higher (P Ͻ 0.05) and the arterial plasma epinephrine concentration was lower (P Ͻ 0.05) in the females than in the males at rest and during exercise. MCTG use was correlated to the resting concentration of MCTG (P Ͻ 0.001). We conclude that resting content and use of MCTG during exercise are related to gender and furthermore are independent of training status. muscle substrate; training; triglycerides IT HAS PREVIOUSLY BEEN SHOWN (25) that myocellular triacylglycerol (MCTG) is utilized during the postexercise period. MCTG stores also represent a potentially large energy source during exercise. However, the extent to which MCTG is used during exercise and the possible existence of differences in its use between trained and untrained (UT) subjects are still under debate. In studies (27, 37) using stable isotope techniques combined with indirect calorimetry, it was estimated that MCTG accounted for 20-25% of the oxidative metabolism during submaximal exercise. However, when direct measurements of MCTG concentration in muscle biopsies have been used, some studies (4, 19, 34) have found a decrease in MCTG concentration during submaximal exercise, whereas others (1, 21, 22, 25, 44) have observed no change. In all of the above-mentioned studies, only male subjects have participated. Thus it is unknown whether gender differences exist in the utilization of MCTG during exercise. Some studies (18,45,46) have shown that females utilize lipids to a greater extent than males during submaximal exercise, but to our knowledge it has not been investigated whether this increased lipid utilization in females is primarily from MCTG or other lipid sources. Other studies (3, 6, 32) have not been able to find gender differences in lipid utilization during exercise. This could be due to differences in training status and exercise mode in the experimental designs. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the contribution of MCT...

Abstract. The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new Earth system model (ESM) components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.

The Paris Agreement established the 1.5 and 2°C targets based on the recognition Bthat this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change^. We tested this assertion by comparing impacts at the regional scale between low-end (< 2°C; RCP2.6) and high-end (> 4°C; RCP8.5) climate change scenarios accounting for interactions across six sectors (agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, water, coasts and urban) using an integrated assessment model. Results show that there are only minor differences in most impact indicators for the 2020s time slice, but impacts are considerably greater under high-end than low-end climate change in the 2050s and 2080s. For example, for the 2080s, mitigation consistent with the Paris Agreement would reduce aggregate Europe-wide impacts on the area of intensive agriculture by 21% (on average across climate models), on the area of managed forests by 34%, on water stress by 14%, on people flooded by 10% and on biodiversity vulnerability by 16%. Including socioeconomic scenarios (SSPs 1, 3, 4, 5) results in considerably greater variation in the magnitude, range and direction of change of the majority of impact indicators than climate change alone. In particular, socioeconomic factors much more strongly drive changes in land use and food production than changes in climate, sometimes overriding the differences due to low-end and high-end climate change. Such impacts pose significant challenges for adaptation and highlight the importance of searching for synergies between adaptation and mitigation and linking them to sustainable development goals.

Although there in general are no significant long‐term correlations between the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in observations, we find that the QBO and the ENSO were aligned in the 3 to 4 years after the three warm ENSO events in 1982, 1997, and 2015. We investigate this indicated relationship with a version of the EC‐Earth climate model which includes nonorographic gravity waves. We analyze the modeled QBO in ensembles forced with climatological sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and observed SSTs. In the ensemble with observed SSTs we find a strong and significant alignment of the ensemble members in the equatorial stratospheric winds in the 2 to 4 years after the strong ENSO event in 1997. This alignment also includes the observed QBO. No such alignment is found in the ensemble with climatological SSTs. These results indicate that strong warm ENSO events can lock the phase of the QBO.