Polygamy (including trioecy and subdioecy), the co-occurrence of males, hermaphrodites, and females in natural populations, is a rare and poorly studied breeding system expressed in Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae), a wind-pollinated tree. Here we investigate siring ability of pollen from male vs. hermaphrodite individuals to better understand this sex polymorphism. We conducted single-donor and two-donor pollination experiments and compared both fruit set and seed siring success, assessed with polymorphic microsatellite markers, of male and hermaphrodite individuals. Single pollen donor crosses allowed us to verify the male function of hermaphrodites. However, pollen from hermaphrodites was much less proficient than male pollen, with males siring 10 times as many fruits in single donor pollination treatments. This result was strengthened by the surprisingly low reproductive success of hermaphrodites in pollen competition conditions: of the 110 seedlings analyzed three were selfed and only one was sired by the hermaphrodite donor. The remaining 106 were sired by the male pollen donor. These results raise the question of the maintenance of male fertility in hermaphrodites in Fraxinus excelsior. Male function of hermaphrodites in this species now needs to be assessed under field conditions.
-• Sample size is a critical issue for genetic diversity studies and conservation programs. However, sample size evaluation requires previous knowledge of allele frequencies estimated with precision and this is not often the case.• Here, we evaluated sample size requirements for accurate genetic diversity in adult trees and family arrays in a 12 ha plot of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) in a community forest in central France. Data consisted of 579 adult trees and 480 offspring from 24 families genotyped at four nuclear microsatellites.• Mean square errors (MSE) estimates performed on Monte Carlo simulations of resampled data indicated that several adult individuals (> 300) are necessary for accurate measures of allele richness. However, expected heterozygosity requires smaller samples (< 30). Seeds captured about 90% of adult allelic diversity requiring a sampling effort roughly 50% larger than that of adult trees (480 seeds vs. 300 adults) suggesting that seed sampling is heavily penalized for allele counts. Nevertheless, gene diversity of seeds was essentially identical to that of the adult population.• Extrapolation of these results to other ash tree populations appears feasible because of similar levels of diversity reported in the literature but it is not granted for species with significant selfing or high genetic structure. Fraxinus excelsior / microsatellite/ genetic variation/ samplingRésumé -Quel échantillonnage pour des estimations fiables de la diversité génétique chez Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) ?• La taille d'un échantillonnage est un paramètre difficile à estimer a priori pour les études de diversité génétique ainsi que pour les programmes de conservation. En général, l'évaluation de cette taille nécessite au préalable une connaissance fine des fréquences alléliques ce qui n'est pas toujours le cas.• Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué sur une parcelle de 12 ha de Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae), dans un forêt domaniale, la taille de l'échantillon-nage nécessaire pour estimer de façon fiable la diversité génétique des arbres adultes ainsi que de leurs descendants. Un échantillon de 579 individus adultes et 480 graines issues de 24 arbres-mères ont été génotypés grâce à quatre marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires.• Des analyses d'erreurs quadratiques moyennes obtenues dans le cadre de simulations de type Monte Carlo indiquent que plus de 300 individus adultes sont nécessaires pour obtenir des mesures alléliques fiables. Par contre, l'hétérozygotie espérée est obtenue pour des échantillons plus petits (< 30). Les graines capturent 90 % de la diversité allélique des adultes indiquant que l'échantillonnage des graines doit être deux fois celui des adultes pour obtenir la même information (480 graines vs. 300 adultes). Par ailleurs, la diversité génétique est identique pour les deux échantillonnages.• L'extrapolation de ces résultats à d'autres espèces de frêne est possible compte tenu des niveaux de diversité observés dans la littérature mais n'est pas garantie pour des espèces qui s...
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