Serous, mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell human ovarian carcinoma cells were isolated as multicellular aggregates from patient effusions by filtration on nylon mesh of defined porosity and examined by light microscopy. The cell clusters ranged from compact to loosely adherent groups of cells to spheroids with a central lumen surrounded by a cell monolayer. There was considerable variation in cluster morphology between effusions from different patients as well as within effusion from the same patient. Apparent budding of clusters was observed as well as different stages of cluster growth and development. This was observed for all histologic types studied. Electron microscopy of serous, mucinous and clear cell types showed that cells forming clusters were attached to each other by desmosomes, demonstrating that cluster formation did not result from a nonspecific stickiness of cells. Irregular micro villi were present on the external periphery of the various carcinoma cells and a prominent glycocalyx was present on the surface of mucinous carcinoma cells. Extensive interdigitation of cytoplasmic extensions and extended villi was present in mucinous and serous clusters which appeared to strengthen cluster cohesiveness. Nuclei were irregular with prominent nucleoli frequently present. The cell clusters usually remained intact and viable in culture but generally did not attach to glass or plastic substrata, whereas mesothelial cells and nonactivated histiocytes rapidly attached. When carcinoma cell clusters did attach, they were resistant to detachment by trypsin-EDTA treatment, in contrast to the nonmalignant cells.

We report a prospective study of 136 patients with biopsy proved bladder tumor who underwent 311 evaluations with cystoscopy, urinary cytology, bladder washing and, when indicated, bladder biopsies. Cytology results from bladder washings were superior to routine urinary cytology studies in detecting abnormal cells. Also, there was a significant increase in the number of positive cytology studies in bladder washings from patients with no evidence of tumor by cystoscopy but who had biopsy proved dysplasia. Multiple selective bladder biopsies showed a higher incidence of mucosal abnormalities if the primary tumor was of a higher grade.

Lactose-inhibitable lectin activity has been analyzed by hemagglutination assay in a variety of human tissues and cells obtained at surgery and autopsy. The lectin activity was detected in surgically removed melanoma, sarcoma, colon carcinoma, breast carcinoma, adjacent non-malignant tissues, non-malignant tissues obtained at autopsy and in cells isolated from malignant effusions. Although, on average, malignant tissue had a higher hemag-glutinating titer than non-malignant tissue, similar tissues from different individuals varied widely in their apparent lectin content. The lectin was isolated from lung by affinity chro-matography and was found to have a native molecular mass of 31,000 daltons and a subunit molecular mass of 14,000 daltons. Utilizing rabbit anti-lung lectin serum in an immunohis-tochemical assay, the lectin was found to be distributed throughout the cytoplasm of lung epithelial cells. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analysis confirmed the presence of this lectin in a variety of tissues and in some body fluids. In vitro metabolic radiolabelling experiments showed that the presence of lectin in tissues was most likely due to endogenous synthesis rather than absorption from body fluids. Lectin isolated from several tissues was found to bind to human buffy coat cell receptors.

The percentage of cells in S-phase (S-index) was calculated from DNA histograms of 453 primary and metastatic human solid tumors (predominantly bladder, breast, colorectal, renal, prostate, ovarian and lung carcinomas, melanomas, and sarcomas). S-indices varied widely among both primary and metastatic tumors (1-48%); there was no significant difference in S-indices between primary and metastatic tumors. The S-indices for aneuploid tumors were significantly higher than for diploid tumors. When data for all aneuploid tumors were analyzed collectively, there was no significant relationship between S-index and DNA ploidy index. However, for colorectal and ovarian carcinomas S-indices increased, and for lung carcinomas S-indices decreased with elevation in the degree of DNA-ploidy. Lung carcinomas had the high-

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