The objective of this study was to create a French database on the polyphenol content of fruit and vegetables as uncooked fruits and vegetables and then to evaluate polyphenol intake through fruit and vegetable consumption in France. To achieve this, we used the Folin-Ciocalteu method adapted to fruit and vegetable polyphenol quantitation (1). Vegetables with the highest polyphenol concentration were artichokes, parsley, and brussels sprouts [>250 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh edible portion (FEP)]; fruits with the highest concentrations were strawberries, lychees, and grapes (>180 mg of GAE/100 g FEP). Conversely, melons (Cantaloupe cv.) and avocados had the lowest polyphenol concentration for fruits and vegetables, respectively. Based on fruit consumption data, apples and strawberries are the main sources of polyphenols in the French diet, whereas potatoes, lettuces, and onions are the most important vegetable sources. Total polyphenol intake from fruit is about 3 times higher than from vegetables, due to the lower polyphenol concentration in vegetables. The calculation of polyphenol intake, based on both assessment methods used [(Société d'Etudes de la Communication, Distribution et Publicité (SECODIP) and Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SUVIMAX)], showed that apples and potatoes provide approximatively half of the total polyphenol intake from fruit and vegetables in the French diet.
Olive oil is a key component of the Mediterranean diet which is recognized to contribute to its health benefits. Recent prospective studies point towards a protective effect from an olive oil-rich diet in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and an improvement of cardiometabolic markers such as blood pressure, glycaemia and dyslipidemia, notably by reducing LDL cholesterol and LDL oxidation. The role of minor phenolic fraction was evidenced in intervention trials where lipid profiles showed greater improvement in participants receiving olive oil with higher phenolic content. The phenolic fraction of olive oil is composed of simple phenols (hydroxytyrosol), phenolic secoiridoids (oleuropein aglycone), lignans (pinoresinol), flavonoids and hydroxyisochromans. All these compounds have diverse biological activities that are described in the present review, supporting the protective effects of olive oil against degenerative diseases found in large cohorts monitored in Southern European countries. Keywords:Olive oil / phenolic fraction / cardiovascular diseases / cancer / lipid metabolism / antioxidant / antiinflammatory / platelet aggregation / endothelial function / chemoprevention / nutrigenomic effects Résumé -L'huile d'olive et ses effets sur la santé : des études épidémiologiques jusqu'aux mécanismes moléculaires de la fraction phénolique. L'huile d'olive est une composante clé de l'alimentation méditerranéenne, reconnue pour contribuer à ses bienfaits sur la santé. Les analyses d'études prospectives récentes convergent vers un effet protecteur d'une alimentation riche en huile d'olive vis-à-vis de l'incidence des maladies cardio-vasculaires ainsi qu'à une amélioration de marqueurs cardio-métaboliques tels que la pression artérielle, la glycémie et la dyslipidémie, notamment par la réduction du LDL cholestérol et de l'oxydation des LDL. Le rôle de la fraction phénolique de l'huile d'olive a été mis en évidence dans des essais d'intervention, dans lesquels les profils lipidiques ont été davantage améliorés chez les consommateurs d'huiles d'olive les plus riches en composés phénoliques. La fraction phénolique de l'huile d'olive est composée de phénols simples (l'hydroxytyrosol), de sécoïridoïdes phénoliques (l'oleuropéine aglycone), des lignanes (le pinorésinol), de flavonoïdes et d'hydroxyisochromans. Tous ces composés ont des activités biologiques diverses qui sont décrites dans cette revue et soutiennent les effets protecteurs de l'huile d'olive contre les maladies dégénératives mis en évidence dans de grandes cohortes suivies en Europe du Sud.
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