The Senegal River running through the arid and semi-arid parts of Senegal, Mauritania and Mali is of vital importance in this West African region. Multi-ethnic and multicultural populations have always been deeply dependent on its ecosystems and water for subsistence economies based on fishing, agriculture and livestock. Called the lifeline of the region, the Senegal River valley has experienced the earliest West African kingdoms as well as French colonization from 1624 onward, with the first French trading center at the river mouth remaining until independence in 1960. In hydrological terms, the Senegal River connects the humid upper parts of its valley with the drier basin area of its lower course, reflecting a strong climatological gradient that strongly affects biological and cultural diversity. After serious climatic changes, first apparent in 1968, that have devastated the entire valley, the riparian states of Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and later, Guinea, decided to join forces to master the availability of water and seek ways for rational and coordinated exploitation of natural resources. However, the river regulation infrastructure built (Manantali and Diama dams, dikes and other irrigation schemes) have had unforeseen environmental and socio-economical consequences along the Senegal River valley and the estuary. Among the impacts, salinization of soils, degradation of vegetation, the disappearance of native animal and plant species, diseases, the vanishing of some economic and socio-cultural activities and rural exodus, are the most important. Different protected areas have been created since the 1960s, all along the river, in part to reduce these negative impacts. However, the Senegal River currently remains a disturbed lifeline in the Sahel. Elements of the traditional cultural use of the river and respect for nature may contribute to the improvement of hydrological and hydro-agricultural schemes. Climate and hydrologySmaller tributary streams and rivers include Ferlo, Gorgol and Doué, as well as lake outflows of Lake Guiers in Senegal fed by the Ferlo River, and Lake R'Kiz in Mauritania. The Senegal River flows into the Atlantic Ocean south of the city of Saint-Louis. Each year, the river transports 22 billions m 3 of water past Bakel, considered to be the main reference station on the Senegal River due to its location below the confluence with the Faleme River, the last major tributary ( UNESCO-WWAP 2003).The atmospheric circulation in West Africa is determined by trade winds in the dry season and monsoon flows in the rainy season (fig. 5.2). All these atmospheric processes are governed by the Azores, Saint Helena high, the Saharan depression and the inter-tropical convergence zone. The monsoon winds are one of the necessary conditions for rainfall input (Nicholson 2013). However, the influence of oceanic and orographic factors are two elements to be considered in the evolution of temperatures, winds and precipitation.The average annual rainfall in the Senegal Basin is 550 mm, however there are large ...
La vallée du fleuve Sénégal est le théâtre d’importants aménagements depuis l’époque coloniale, révélateurs des enjeux politiques, économiques et stratégiques de ce fleuve. Des exemples précis de poésies orales en langue peule témoignent, par leur forme tout autant que leur contenu, d’un attachement fort à ce territoire, de pratiques et d’usages des terres bordant le fleuve, de sociabilités et de rapports de pouvoir – en somme, de modes de relations aux paysages fluviaux et de gestion des ressources – généralement peu pris en compte dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire concernant cette région. La conception de ce territoire à l’échelle du bassin versant, véhiculée par cette poésie, a laissé place à une approche techniciste portée par les aménagements de la vallée depuis le XXe siècle. Le constat est que ce passage constitue une rupture d’une "continuité écologique" entre wâlo, zone inondable, et diêri, non inondable, entendue comme le tissage que permet le réseau hydrologique d’une myriade de mares entre elles, et qui, en soi, fait office d’entité vivante.
À travers le chant, un auditeur Kaluli est suspendu dans les lieux. Il passe à côté et à travers eux, fait un grand tour intérieur dans le micro espace-temps intériorisé de l'écoute. » (Feld, 1996, traduit dans ce numéro) "Relaxing at the creek" : c'est par ce titre d'une grande simplicité qu'est introduite la voix d'Ulahi dans le disque Voices of the Rainforest de Steven Feld, portrait sonore d'une journée dans la vie des Kaluli de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (Feld, 1991). Ulahi chante au ruisseau et sa voix se superpose aux textures denses des sons de la forêt tropicale. Égrenant des noms de lieux, elle invite l'auditeur, tel un oiseau triste survolant la canopée, à un voyage le long des cours d'eau, s'arrêtant près des arbres solitaires et des jardins cultivés, soulignant la mélancolie qui émane des habitats désertés. Semblable au mouvement de l'eau qui entoure la chanteuse, cette composition est « comme une cascade dans [la] tête ». Des années 1970 au milieu des années 1990, l'anthropologue Steven Feld a consacré ses travaux à la langue et aux musiques des Kaluli. Son premier livre, Sound and Sentiment. Birds, Weeping, Poetics and Song in Kaluli Expression, publié en 1982, prend tout autant les allures d'un traité d'ornithologie que celles d'une recherche sur la musique. On y découvre l'importance des oiseaux,
A poem is stored energy, a formal turbulence, a living thing, a swirl in the flow. Poems are part of the energy pathways which sustain life. Poems are a verbal equivalent of fossil fuel (stored energy), but they are a renewable source of energy, coming, as they do, from those ever generative twin matrices, language and imagination." William Rueckert, Literature and Ecology 1. Première définition de l'écologie donnée par Haeckel en 1866 (Haeckel, 1866).
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