El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la relevancia de la localidad arqueológica Laguna de los Pampas en el estudio de las ocupaciones humanas del Campo de Dunas del Centro Pampeano (subregión Pampa Húmeda) durante el Holoceno. Un hallazgo relevante lo constituyen tres huevos de ñandú enteros y semienterrados, con perforaciones que sugieren su utilización como contenedor de líquido. Si bien la laguna fue habitada a lo largo del todo el Holoceno, las dataciones radiocarbónicas del sector excavado ubican a las ocupaciones humanas en el Holoceno medio (entre ca. 7000 y 5800 aP). Para este lapso se determinó que la explotación faunística estuvo orientada al consumo del guanaco, pero con un fuerte complemento de otros taxones como ñandú, venado de las Pampas y especies de menor tamaño. Se registró una tecnología ósea estandarizada sobre huesos de guanaco. Las rocas proceden principalmente del sistema serrano de Tandilia, aunque se identifican materias primas de otras áreas como el oeste pampeano. Las similitudes en las estrategias de producción y usos de los instrumentos con otros sitios de la subregión Pampa Húmeda sugieren el empleo de una misma concepción tecnológica a escala regional durante el Holoceno medio y la interacción con grupos cazadores-recolectores que ocupaban los pastizales pampeanos.
RESUMENEl registro bioarqueológico del sitio Paso Alsina 1 (curso inferior del río Colorado, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) aporta evidencias importantes para el conocimiento de las poblaciones humanas que habitaron esta zona transicional entre Pampa y Patagonia durante los momentos finales del Holoceno tardío (ca. 1.000-250 años AP). En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio tafonómico realizado sobre dos entierros secundarios múltiples de Paso Alsina 1. La diversidad de variables analizadas permitió inferir la historia postmortem y postdepositacional del conjunto óseo humano. La bioturbación tuvo un bajo impacto general mientras que los procesos físico-químicos vinculados con el microambiente de depositación provocaron alteraciones en la integridad anatómica de diversos elementos óseos. Por otra parte, la presencia de huellas de corte sobre algunas unidades anatómicas refleja la intervención humana sobre algunos cuerpos como parte de las prácticas mortuorias.PALABRAS CLAVE: tafonomía, entierros secundarios múltiples, cazadores-recolectores, Patagonia nororiental, Holoceno tardío final. FORMATION PROCESSES AND TAPHONOMIC EFFECTS IN HUMAN BURIALS: THE PASO ALSINA 1 SITE IN NORTH-EASTERN PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA ABSTRACTThe bioarchaeological record from the site Paso Alsina 1 (lower basin of the Colorado river, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina) contributes with important evidences for the knowledge of human populations inhabiting this transitional area between the Pampas and Patagonia during the Final Late Holocene (ca. 1.000-250 years BP). The results from the taphonomic study of two secondary multiple burials from Paso Alsina 1 are presented in this paper. The different analyzed variables allowed to infer the postmortem and postdepositional history of the human bone assemblage. Bioturbation impact was limited but the physical-chemical processes operating in the sedimentary context affected the anatomical integrity of diverse bone elements. On the other hand, the presence of cut marks on several anatomical units indicates human manipulation of some human bodies in the context of mortuary practices.
Summary The Southern Cone of South America (SCSA) is a key region for investigations about the peopling of the Americas. However, little is known about the eastern sector, the Argentinian Pampas. We analyzed 18 mitochondrial genomes—7 of which are novel—from human skeletal remains from 3 Early to Late Holocene archaeological sites. The Pampas present a distinctive genetic makeup compared to other Middle to Late Holocene pre-Columbian SCSA populations. We also report the earliest individuals carrying SCSA-specific mitochondrial haplogroups D1j and D1g from Early and Middle Holocene, respectively. Using these deep calibration time points in Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions, we suggest that the first settlers of the Pampas were part of a single and rapid dispersal ∼15,600 years ago. Finally, we propose that present-day genetic differences between the Pampas and the rest of the SCSA are due to founder effects, genetic drift, and a partial population replacement ∼9,000 years ago.
Morphological comparisons between the earliest and latest human skeletons of America have suggested the existence of a complex scenario underlying the biological diversification of American populations. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Florentino Ameghino initiated the debate on the antiquity of humans in the Argentinean Pampas, which has been reviewed recently due to new radiocarbon dates obtained. Morphometric analyses from these Argentinean Pampas samples are presented together with early samples from Chile, Brazil, and Colombia. Results show that while there is no clear separation between early and late samples from Chile, samples from Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina show more pronounced differences, the latter presenting the largest morphological variation among early American samples. However, the hypotheses that morphological differences between early and late American samples are related to evolutionary processes are difficult to support using cranial morphometric differences alone. Future studies need to consider a combination of additional evidence (e.g., archaeological and molecular).
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