The objectives of this study were to examine sex and age differences in fundamental motor skills (FMS) and to describe the prevalence of low motor proficiency and mastery competence. The Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition was used to assess 2,377 children (3–10 years old) from eight states and 75 schools in Brazil. The results showed that (a) boys are more proficient than girls in the majority of FMS, (b) FMS development begins to plateau at age 7, (c) low motor proficiency is present at age 10 for several FMS, and (d) mastery competence was achieved by only a small number of children. These findings suggest that increased opportunities to engage in physical activity that promotes FMS competence are needed.

Diabetes is one of the most important epidemic diseases of this century and the number of people with diabetes has more than doubled over the past three decades. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes in the adult Brazilian population and analyze the trends for the last three decades through a systematic review with meta-analysis. This review included observational studies published between 1980 and 2015, which were independently identified by two reviewers in five databases. Random effect models were used to estimate the prevalence and trends of diabetes. In total, 50 articles were included in this review. Three different patterns for diabetes diagnosis were identified: self-report (36 studies), fasting glucose (7 studies), and complex diagnosis (fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and self-report; 7 studies). The prevalence of diabetes was 5.6 % (95 % CI 5.0–6.3; I2 = 100 %) by self-report, 6.6 % (95 % CI 4.8–8.9; I2 = 94 %) by fasting glucose, and 11.9 % (95 % CI 7.7–17.8 I2 = 100 %) by complex diagnosis. In trend analyses, we observed an increase in the prevalence of diabetes over time. The biggest increase was detected in studies using complex diagnosis: 7.4 % (95 % CI 7.1–7.7) in the 1980s to 15.7 % (95 % CI 9.8–24.3) in the 2010s. In conclusion, despite high heterogeneity, this study observed a high prevalence of diabetes in Brazilian adults over time and with a progressive increase in the last 35 years.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13098-016-0181-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese, validation, and comparison of two questionnaires to measure adherence in patients with type 1 diabetes. There are no validated instruments to measure treatment adherence in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes.MethodsType 1 diabetes outpatients of a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil were recruited to examine psychometric properties of the Diabetes Self-Management Profile (DSMP) and Self-Care Inventory-revised (SCI-R) adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Analyses assessed the reliability and validity according to its associations with glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Seventy-five patients [age: 34.9 ± 13.7 years; A1C: 9.2 ± 2% (75 mmol/mol); diabetes duration: 18.1 ± 11.8 years] were evaluated.ResultsThe translated versions of the instruments showed adequate internal consistency (DSMP Cronbach’s α =0.76; SCI-R Cronbach’s α =0.71). A positive correlation was found between all the items and total scores, except for item 12 in DSMP and item 13 in SCI-R, and for this reason, these items were excluded from the translated versions. In predictive validity analysis, A1C correlated significantly with the DSMP total (r = −0.46) and with the SCI-R total (r = −0.44).ConclusionsThe Brazilian Portuguese versions of DSMP and SCI-R yielded a reliable and valid tool to measure adherence treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, with a significant correlation between total scores and A1C.

ResumoA orientação motivacional é um determinante crítico do nível e da qualidade da aprendizagem. Este estudo investigou os níveis de orientação motivacional e as possíveis diferenças entre idade e sexo em 142 crianças de nove e 10 anos alunos de escolas públicas. A "Scale of Intrisic versus Extrinsic Orientation in Classroom" de Harter (1980) foi o instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados. A escala foi aplicada individualmente e lidaem voz alta pela pesquisadora para melhor compreensão da criança. Os resultados apontam para: (1) níveis moderados de motivação intrínseca em todas as dimensões investigadas; (2) semelhanças na orientação motivacional entre meninos e meninas; (3) semelhanças na orientação motivacional entre as idades. Os níveis moderados de motivação intrínseca apresentados indicam que as crianças deste estudo manifestam interesse nas tarefas e se envolvem com o processo de aprendizagem. Palavras-chave:Motivação; desenvolvimento infantil; educação. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: differences in gender and age AbstractThe motivational orientation is a critical determinant of the level and quality of learning. This study investigated the levels of motivational orientation and the possible differences between age and gender in 142 children of nine and 10 years of public school students. The "Scale of Intrisic versus Extrinsic Orientation in Classroom" Harter (1980) was the instrument used to collect the data. The scale was applied individually and read out by the researcher to better understand by the child. The results indicate: (1) moderate levels of intrinsic motivation in all dimensions investigated; (2) similarities in the motivational orientation between boys and girls; (3) the similarity between the ages motivational orientation. Moderate levels of intrinsic motivation presented indicate that children of this study show interest in the tasks and engage in the learning process.Keywords: Motivation; child development; education. Motivación intrínseca y extrínseca: diferencias en el sexo y en la edad ResumenLa orientación motivacional es un determinante crítico del nivel y de la calidad del aprendizaje. Este estudio investigó los niveles de orientación motivacional y las posibles diferencias entre edad y sexo en 142 niños de nueve y 10 años alumnos de escuelas públicas. La "Scale of Intrisic versus Extrinsic Orientation in Classroom" de Harter (1980) fue el instrumento utilizado para la colecta de datos. La escala fue aplicada individualmente y leída en voz alta por la investigadora para mejor comprensión del niño. Los resultados apuntan para: (1) niveles moderados de motivación intrínseca en todas las dimensiones investigadas; (2) semejanzas en la orientación motivacional entre niños y niñas; (3) semejanzas en la orientación motivacional entre las edades. Los niveles moderados de motivación intrínseca presentados indican que los niños de este estudio manifiestan interés en las tareas y se involucran con el proceso de aprendizaje.Palabras clave: Motivación; desarrollo infantil; educació...

BackgroundThe effects of renal denervation on cardiovascular reflexes and markers of nephropathy in diabetic-hypertensive rats have not yet been explored.MethodsAim: To evaluate the effects of renal denervation on nephropathy development mechanisms (blood pressure, cardiovascular autonomic changes, renal GLUT2) in diabetic-hypertensive rats. Forty-one male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ~250 g were injected with STZ or not; 30 days later, surgical renal denervation (RD) or sham procedure was performed; 15 days later, glycemia and albuminuria (ELISA) were evaluated. Catheters were implanted into the femoral artery to evaluate arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate variability (spectral analysis) one day later in conscious animals. Animals were killed, kidneys removed, and cortical renal GLUT2 quantified (Western blotting).ResultsHigher glycemia (p < 0.05) and lower mean AP were observed in diabetics vs. nondiabetics (p < 0.05). Heart rate was higher in renal-denervated hypertensive and lower in diabetic-hypertensive rats (384.8 ± 37, 431.3 ± 36, 316.2 ± 5, 363.8 ± 12 bpm in SHR, RD-SHR, STZ-SHR and RD-STZ-SHR, respectively). Heart rate variability was higher in renal-denervated diabetic-hypertensive rats (55.75 ± 25.21, 73.40 ± 53.30, 148.4 ± 93 in RD-SHR, STZ-SHR- and RD-STZ-SHR, respectively, p < 0.05), as well as the LF component of AP variability (1.62 ± 0.9, 2.12 ± 0.9, 7.38 ± 6.5 in RD-SHR, STZ-SHR and RD-STZ-SHR, respectively, p < 0.05). GLUT2 renal content was higher in all groups vs. SHR.ConclusionsRenal denervation in diabetic-hypertensive rats improved previously reduced heart rate variability. The GLUT2 equally overexpressed by diabetes and renal denervation may represent a maximal derangement effect of each condition.