Multimodal therapy of children with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with long-term survival. It is expected that further advances in the management of these patients, with improved radiotherapy and chemotherapy, will reduce acute and late toxicity and improve quality of life of treated children.

No abstract

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common primary bone malignancy after osteosarcoma. The disease most often occurs in adolescence, with peak incidence around the age of fourteen. The most common primary location of the tumor is the bones of the pelvis, followed by the ribs, spine and long bones of the extremities such as the tibia and the fibula. ES shows a tendency towards hematogenous dissemination, primarily in the lungs and bones, much less often lymphogenously. One third of patients have distant metastases present at initial diagnosis, which is why ES is considered a systemic disease. The treatment of Ewing sarcoma is based on a multimodal approach that includes the use of chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. The identification of prognostic parameters enabled the individual treatment of patients based on the assessed risk group. With the application of modern therapeutic protocols, five-year survival for patients with localized disease lies between 60% and 68%, while for patients with metastatic disease, five-year survival is still unsatisfactory and is around 17%. ES belongs to the group of radiosensitive tumors, and radiotherapy plays a very important role in the local control of the disease, in combination with surgical treatment or independently, and can be applied as radical, preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy. Also, radiation therapy has a role in the palliative approach to the treatment of lung metastases and other metastatic sites. Considering that the modern multimodal treatment of Ewing sarcoma leads to long-term survival, it is necessary to take into account the expected side effects of the therapy that can reduce the quality of life of treated patients. Modern radiotherapy techniques such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) enable precise delivery of the prescribed dose of radiation to target volumes with better sparing of surrounding normal tissues and organs, which leads to a lower incidence of late sequelae of radiation therapy and enables the preservation of the quality of life of treated patients.

Proton beam therapy (PBT) is an advanced type of radiotherapy that shows a dosimetric advantage over photon beam therapy and provides superior dose distribution. PBT may improve patient survival by improving the local disease control while reducing toxicity to normal organs, which may result in fewer treatment related complications. During the last decade technological progress opened up new possibilities in the planning and conducting PBT, so indications were gradually expanded to different cancers. However, many biological aspects of PBT are still unclear, and its role in clinical settings is controversial. Proton therapy is considered to be safe and effective for different types of pediatric cancers, and that it is suitable in treatment of ocular melanomas, chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Future research and more prospective clinical studies with long term follow up are required in order to clearly determine the benefits and proper indications for PBT.